Course Outline of Organizational behaviour and Design Essay

Organizational behavior is concerned with the study and application of the human side of management and organization. Although, the traditional writers like Douglas McGregor’s 1960 classic Human Side of Enterprise take a cognitive, humanistic approach to the subject , this course is intended to be much more eclectic and wide ranging drawing from fields of psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology. The underlying aim is to use all these fields to better understand the complex phenomenon called the Human Behavior. The course will draw from the cognitive school analyzing perceptual process, personality attributes, attitude formation, motivational theories and their operational significance. Then the behaviorist school is covered drawing from the works of Pavlov, Watson and Skinner and the practical application of these theories especially in reward system and organizational processes. Moving from the Individual the area next covered is the dynamics of group behavior and the operational issues of the modern day work teams. The course then moves to a macro perspective of the overall organization covering the areas of Culture, Power, Leadership and the nature of politics. Finally the clinical and operational issues of occupational stress are covered. Finally, in terms of organizational design, the broad variables of organizational structure, environmental complexity and strategy effectiveness will be explored. Course Objectives The overall objective of the course is to understand human behavior in organizations so as to equip the students with the theoretical and operational tools to better predict, control and manage the contemporary human resource. In addition, the course aims to enable students to get an insight and appreciation of how organizational theory may contribute towards improving the design and management of organizations. An in-depth examination of certain concepts (e. g. , environmental complexity, Organizational Structure) will also be undertaken. The course will use an integrative macro framework to diagnose and analyze the interaction of organizations, their environments, and people within and outside of the organizations. Generally the most important asset of the organization is overlooked in organizations-human resources. The performance of the organization depends upon the drive of each and every employee working behind a product or a service that it offers to the consumer, thus organization works similar to a social community. Thus if organizations are comparable to a micro-society with its own set of culture, beliefs, norms and behaviors, it naturally follows that to keep organization competitive (especially in today’s cut throat competition), it is imperative to dissect and understand human behavior within organization. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link! Similarly an organization is only as strong or powerful as its weakest person. Learning Outcomes Define and understand organizations as ‘Social Systems’ and to discuss its implications Understand and explain the theoretical frameworks used to understand human behavior Understand the perceptual processes and principles and to examine the impact of these principles on attribution, decision making, conflict resolution and other organizational areas. Dissect the psychology of attitudes and understand the significance and impact of attitudes in an organizational context Define, differentiate and compare the major motivational theories along with the utility of these theories in modern organizations Define the basic nature of groups, the dynamics of formal and informal groups and various types of groups Analyze the elements of intra group and inter group behavior and to discuss the variables that make these groups effective Understand the principles of reinforcement and punishment in the context of organizational reward system and productivity Understand the multiple facets of organizational justice and its complex relationship to organizational commitment Understand the critical importance of organizational culture and the mechanisms of its perpetuation, typologies, contextualization with national culture and layers Define the various basis of power and understand the effective use of influence methods for modern managers Understand the dynamics of organizational politicking and its underlying causalities Defin e leadership, discuss the various theories of leadership and analyze the emerging trends in the broad debate of leadership.

John Coltrane

To the public he is known Just as another Jazz musician but for those with a more in depth music appreciation he remains one of the most significant saxophonists in jazz history. John â€Å"Trans† Chlorate's impact on the music world was quite considerable. By revolutionize music with his own techniques Chlorate changed jazz music forever. Chlorate was a American Jazz saxophonist, composer, bandleader, and iconic figure of the twentieth century. As a Jazz singer and Jazz enthusiast myself, Chlorate's techniques and music is not on impacting but created an emotional connection between Jazz and me.Author Lewis Porter says Chlorate was â€Å"one of the great musical artists of the twentieth century' (Porter 1) in his book â€Å"John Chlorate: His life and music†. I chose to read about Chlorate because of his great influence on me involving my newfound love for Jazz. His life and achievements amazed me Just as much as the first time I heard his melodies come out of his ten or saxophone. His use of modes in Jazz later helped pioneer new beginnings in free Jazz and influence a plethora of future generation musicians. Lewis Porter, a professional Jazz scholar and performer, meticulously researchedChlorate's life and wrote about his success despite having a very demanding lifestyle. Dedicating his life to music at a very young age by playing the clarinet and then eventually moving on to play in a Ana band in Hawaii for a year after discovering the Be saxophone was all difficulties he faced early on in his life. The tasks themselves weren't difficult but experiencing them all at the age of twelve soon after his aunt, grandparents, and father passed away within a few months of the same year these tasks became almost impossible. After his fathers death Chlorate's performance in school changed drastically. Rather than being a top student, he became an indifferent student, earning many Co's† (Porter 18). Although his determination for schoolwork declined it seems that after his father's death music was Chlorate's safety net. â€Å"He began playing music around this time and it may be true that perhaps music was too much on his mind. But more to the point, his obsession with music was a way of dealing with the tragedies in his life† (Porter, 18). Another obstacle Chlorate was forced to deal with was segregation. Although violence was not something commonly mound in Chlorate's town â€Å"there were constant reminders of second-class status† (Porter 19).Schools, restaurants, fountains, and more were segregated. â€Å"If the white schools got new books one year, the blacks might have got them a few years later. They got used books from the white schools† (Porter 19). Due to the hardships of segregation, Chlorate, his mother, and sister desperately tried to better their lives. After his fathers death John Chlorate's family soon went from middle class to poor. Chlorate's cousin, who lived with Chlorate for many years , recalled, â€Å"after his father eased, things changed. Our mothers had to go to work, and my aunt and my mother worked together at a country club.John used to shine shoes there. No one really knew how we lived, but we had to rent our bedrooms and we all slept downstairs. My mother, John, and I all slept in the dining room. We had cots. And John was sick there, he had some sort of- not asthma, but we had to sit up with him at night. This went on for a long time† (Porter 20). During Chlorate's senior year of high school his mother decided to move to Philadelphia to obtain a greater income. Sure enough Chlorate radiated from High Point High School along with the superlative â€Å"Most Musical†.After graduation he bought an apartment with his mother in Philadelphia. Along with the apartment Chlorate's mother bought a piano. â€Å"Johns mother had a piano-a tall upright that housed a working player piano unit. John began to work toward becoming a professional Jazz music ian† (Porter 24). Many say that John Chlorate was destined to be a musician. He was surrounded by music as a child. Before his father's early death, Chlorate's father had a love for music. His father played several instruments and his interests later influenced him. Not only was his father passionate about music but so was his mother. Chlorate's mother was musical-she sang and also played piano' (Porter 25) John Chlorate's cousin said â€Å"we had a big radio in the living room that stayed on all the time. We listened to everything†¦ We listened to Frank Sinatra, everybody, you name it. He and I would turn the radio up loud so that we could hear it in the kitchen† (Porter 26). Chlorate's first instrumental training was with a community band where he bean on an alto horn. At that time Chlorate said, â€Å"l hadn't decided yet to become a repressions musician. I learned a little bit haphazardly, without any system, Jus enough to play a song or two.This was my first contact-so to speak- with music† (Porter 28). Around the fall of 1940 is when Chlorate fist became interested in the saxophone. Chlorate chose the sax because of his admiration for tenor saxophonist Lester Young. Soon Chlorate mastered the tenor saxophone. â€Å"There was a room in his house he would use Just to practice. He played everyday, all day long. And then he would stop to get ready to go to work that night. Music was really his life† (Porter 254). Not only was Chlorate a hard working musician, he was in a thriving city for the arts at the time, Philadelphia. Philadelphia nurtured a thriving Jazz community in the sass's† (Porter 35). Lucky for Chlorate, right by his apartment was the Woodbine Club, â€Å"where local musicians would Jam on the weekends† (Porter, 36). As of 1945, right after graduating high school at the age of sixteen, Chlorate started to pick up on professional gigs and performances in Philadelphia. He soon became close friends with a pianist and guitarist and formed a trio that performed in cocktail ears around the city. Soon after his trio formed Chlorate Joined the ‘musicians union'.Unfortunately, with World War II raging Chlorate was forced to put his music career in Philadelphia on hold once he was drafted into the Navy. Once discharged Chlorate bean to develop a new approach to music based off of multiple musicians he had encountered over the years. â€Å"Chlorate had been under the spell of Johnny Hodges, the celebrated loyalist from Duke Elongation's band. Chlorate had a special penchant for romantic ballads that perhaps even dated back to his late father's taste† (Porter 1). Chlorate was outgoing and put himself out into the music scene at a young age. He was not, as one might have thought, a great talent who took a long time to get recognized. He was, rather, someone who did not begin with obvious exceptional talent, and that makes his case all the more interesting-one can become one of the great musicians of all time and not start off as some kind of prodigy' (Porter 44). John Chlorate came across many obstacles throughout his childhood and music career. Lewis Porter shared Chlorate's story wonderfully, showing that the struggle he faced were not strong enough to stop him from doing what he loved to do, play music. Chlorate wanted his music to be a force for good, and I think it has been. One doesn't have to be religious to find Chlorate's expression of spirituality profoundly moving and important† (Porter 300). Even though Chlorate's death was over fifty years ago, through his music he remains alive. Chlorate will be forever one of the best because of his accomplishments in the study of Jazz music.

Case Study - Federal Deposit Insurance Corp Essay

Case Study - Federal Deposit Insurance Corp - Essay Example For example, Toyland the owner of a departmental store in Houston, contracts with Pantaloon, a manufacturer of children toys in New York, for $15,000 worth toys. In the absence of negotiable instruments, Toyland would have to remit or take across the country the said amount which is risky and inconvenient. If the money is stolen in transit, it will create additional botheration for the company besides the financial loss. Check facilitates transfer of the funds through the designated bank. The transaction through the check is convenient to both the parties. Some types of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, certificates of deposit, drafts and checks. The legal requirements for an instrument to be negotiable: That it should be in writing and signed by the issuer and it should contain an unconditional promise to pay a fixed amount of money, as per terms and conditions described in the promise or order. It may be with or without interest. It is a bearer instrument or payable to order, either on demand or at prescribed future date. It should â€Å"not state any other undertaking or instruction by the person promising or ordering to do any act in addition to the payment of money. However, it may contain (a) an undertaking or promise relative to collateral to secure payment, (b) an authorization for confession of judgment, or (c) a waiver of benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of an obligor.† (p.780) A holder in course of a negotiable instrument has special rights. â€Å"Normally, the transferee of an instrument—like the assignee of a contract—gets only those rights in the instruments that are held by the person from whom he got the instrument. But a holder in due course can get better rights. A holder in due course takes a negotiable instrument free of all personal defenses, claims to the instrument, and claims in recoupment either of the obligor or of a third party.† (p.797)The advantage

Research article and then write as essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research article and then write as - Essay Example 60). The child sexual abuse can be easily understood as a sexual offense against a child in which, the child is coerced to have some sexual contact with an adult. The child who undergoes sexual abuse goes through many disturbing and depressing phases that affect his or her personality negatively. The sufferers of sexual abuse can commit suicide or can continue to live with shame and guilt. Different people have different feelings and understanding of the happening. The symptoms of child sexual abuse as displayed by the victims are appearance of depressiveness, suicidal ideation, troubled sleep patterns, troubled eating behaviors, frustration with physical appearance, feeling of dirty outlook, pelvic aching, gastrointestinal issues, traumatized appearance of the individual, amnesia, trouble in creating interpersonal relationships, fear of intimacy, and so on (Hall & Hall, 2011). Mrazek & Kempe (2014) describe about symptoms of child sexual abuse that can be ‘bruises and abrasions’, ‘sleep disturbance’, ‘excessive masturbation’, ‘phobic states’, ‘depression’, ‘running away from home’, ‘homicidal rage’ towards the victimizer, and many other issues regarding development and social settlement (p. 14). The symptoms involved in child sexual abuse are really disturbing and depressing for the individual and his or her family. Overall, it can be said that child se xual assault and abuse is an offense that disturbs the life and development of a child and also affects his or her family negatively. The victims of sexual abuse undergo psychological, physical, social and developmental problems in their lives. The child who is sexually abused suffers through a number of issues, but the case of every victim is different. The victims may experience the feelings of shame, guilt or self-blaming. This self-blaming and guilt may lead to suicidal feelings and ideas

Using Your Manager Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Using Your Manager Skills - Assignment Example For an individual, company or firm to establish a claim of trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, the plaintiff must show that they possess a valid and legally protected mark and the defendant used the mark in commerce to advertise other goods without the consent of the owner. They must also establish that they own the mark. Lastly, as Palladino (2011) argues, â€Å"the plaintiff must establish that the defendant’s use of the mark is likely to cause confusion among the consumers as to the affiliation, connection or origin of the goods or services†. Thus, â€Å"use†, â€Å"in commerce† and â€Å"likelihood to cause confusion† are distinct elements essential in establishing a trademark infringement claim The plaintiff must establish that the â€Å"use† of a trademark by an alleged infringer to be a threshold matter. This is because activities that may involve â€Å"in commerce† or â€Å"likelihood of confusion† may not qualify to violate the Lanham Act without the â€Å"use†. The use element offers a limiting function to preventing the trademark holder from exercising a general right to control language. The requirement to establish a claim that an infringer is using a trademark â€Å"in commerce† is derived from Lanham Law’s basis in the power of the Congress to regulate interstate commerce. The Lanham Act describes the various activities that meet the â€Å"in commerce† requirements. The central focus of any infringement claim is the â€Å"likelihood of confusion† requirement. According to Rechman & Cannady (2002), â€Å"a likelihood of confusion usually exists when consumers viewing the mark would assume that it comes from different like of products identified with a similar mark.† The fact that Safe Choices have a federal registration for the trademark â€Å"Safe Pack†, and confusion may arise among consumers may help

Internaotion business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internaotion business - Essay Example Moreover, I am curious and very determined to understand how a business operates at international levels. I have always wanted to understand how companies operate successfully in different countries. It amazes me how international businesses manage efficiently run various foreign branches from one central headquarter. Studying this course will give me an opportunity to have a clear understanding of business operation at international levels. I have studied a bachelor’s degree in this university and hence I have adapted to various systems of the university. This will be beneficial to me since I will settle down quickly and begin my studies. Studying International business matches my personal desire for traveling. I have a dream of operating an international business in future, and thus this course is relevant to my future career and investment ideas. My motivation to study this course stems from the success stories of friends and acquaintances that are in this field. I am hardworking and very cooperative. I believe that this character will enable me sail through the challenges of this very demanding course. ‘ Besides my academic interests, I am active in extracurricular activities. They help me interact with new people and learn new skills from other people. I look forward to continuing with this while studying masters in international business. I will be grateful if enrolled for this course. I am mentally prepared to face the higher learning challenge and am certain that I will come forth as a victor at the end of the

Supply Chain Would Cease to Exist without Information Systems Research Paper

Supply Chain Would Cease to Exist without Information Systems Technologies - Research Paper Example Both association and suppliers have to practice information technology since it guarantees the integration of supply chain on condition that the associates truthfully share it and if not, their supply chain would definitely come to an end. Even as it broadens the level of knowledge it makes sure the accuracy in outlay management as well. What is more, it is a feature to evaluate the top suppliers' value and then leverage potential right through the absolute supply chain (Bharadwaj, 2000, p. 182). DHL is the wide-reaching seller of the global package and document express and logistics trade, focusing on offering modern and custom-made solutions from a single source. They analyze information technology as a practical tool. DHL runs the intercontinental air express shipping business in providing high-tech technology that presents customers smooth access to delivery and trailing information. Their spending in IT enables them to carry on exploiting the latest technologies to rationalize the shipping method and give services that let customers be further competitive. DHL exploits X.25 plus Frame Relay technology in their speedy TCP/IP exchange network (DHLNET), facilitating clients to monitor the status of deliveries, research shipping programs and rating details from anyplace in the world. Moreover, it presents helpful information on map-reading, delivery moments and system ability which allows shipments to move with ease around the world. Different innovative equipment used by DHL is Electronic Data Interchange. Deployment of EDI enhances rate and efficiency in carrying, invoicing and statistics management and permit customers to interact via symbolic electronic messages openly with DHL.

International Business Strategy - Protectionism Essay

International Business Strategy - Protectionism - Essay Example Economic integration leads to openness and openness triggers volatility leading to insecurity. To alleviate the fears, to provide security to the local firms, the governments need to have a protectionist attitude (Fitoussi, 2007). Protectionism interferes in the process of globalization as it puts strict limits on the interplay of free markets. In fact, the rise of protectionism led to the end of the first phase of globalization. The MNEs, however, attempt to overcome the host country protectionism through different ways. Protectionism implies that the government in the emerging economies will not let growth slow down. It will use the instruments of economic policy which assures to reduce the uncertainty linked with investment (Fitoussi, 2007). It also helps to increase the dynamism in the labor market. Protectionism definitely helps the â€Å"infant† industries in emerging markets. It fosters the long-term rate of growth of developing countries. Nevertheless, if these economies have to be integrated into the world economy, it requires a richer industrial structure. The fiscal and social receipts are too low and the welfare state is embryonic. Protectionism would allow it to develop a richer industrial structure and to provide through tariffs the necessary public funds to build a social system. Trade protection has to be there for the developing nations to eventually integrate into the world economy. Shiva (2005) is of the firm conviction that trade liberalization does not lead to development. â€Å"Aid for Trade† is merely a coercive imposition of trade liberalization by WTO, the World Bank, and IMF. These tactics enable the MNC’s to expand and enlarge in every sector - agriculture, services, manufacturing. Protectionism is justified because development should be endogenous and not imposed with conditions.

MailChimp as One of The Newsletters in Advertising Essay

MailChimp as One of The Newsletters in Advertising - Essay Example This makes it easy to use and adopt.However, the disadvantages include its inability to tolerate spamming as well as the unsolicited mails. As such if one’s correspondence is labeled as spam, the system automatically disables one’s access to the services of the recipient. The advantages include: simple to use and manage, maximum delivery of services, customer support, simple to create as well as deliver, and customizable. The disadvantages include: it is not cheap and unable to send videos on emails (Jose, 9). The advantages are: it has very competitive prices, ability to provide live customer support via phone and webinar, supports autoresponder. The disadvantages include: a limit on the number of campaigns one can run at a given time, and the web-based browser may sabotage one's emails when they  switch. Advantages include: Very convenient as customers don’t need to install it, and its cost effective. The disadvantages include: the data security may be a chal lenge.   Advantages include providing users with easy to use templates. The disadvantages are no live chat support.

Consider the value of mobilisation theory in understanding trade union Essay

Consider the value of mobilisation theory in understanding trade union activism in all its forms - Essay Example The trade unions probably had a role in advancing equality between gender and equality among races. They have been mobilised to combat the onslaught of the HIV-AIDS in the working places and were important conduits to better health for employees and the proletariat. It can also be argued that trade unions are among the leading organizations in the fight against HIV-AIDS and all scourge of humanity (Trade Union Congress of the United Kingdom 2011). At the same time, however, trade unions are organizations that are relatively to radicalize in society. Marx, Engels, Trotsky, and other leaders of Marxism and several generations of the Communist and Socialist International have focused on the trade unions for their revolutionary work. The charisma of communist and socialist organisations has once threatened the industrial revolution in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Marxist liberations movements strengthened by the trade unions have almost wiped out capitalism in the face of globe. Once upon a time, the Marxist liberation movements have covered much of Europe through Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and through the â€Å"people’s republics† of China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. ... II. Mobilisation Theory: the Kelley and the Johnson-Jarley perspectives The emergence of mobilization theory is attributed to John Kelly. According to Johnson and Jarley, Kelly’s mobilisation theory moved industrial relations discourse â€Å"away from collective bargaining and its associated institutions and towards an examination of the processes that converts individual grievances into collective action† (2004, p. 543). Kelly’s work had emphasized that â€Å"injustice serves as the central organizing principle for mobilizing workers, and as such provides a potential powerful construct for understanding industrial relations processes† (Johnson and Jarley 2004, p. 543). The tone and content of the work of Johnson and Jarley (2004) supported Kelly’s perspective. In interpreting the trade union history of the United States, Johnson and Jarley pointed out the trade union rhetoric had centred their demands on â€Å"workplace dignity† and â€Å"s ocial justice†. However, perhaps we should not forget that there was no other alternative then but to centre on the rhetoric because the industrial revolution was probably associated as well with growing inequality. In the United Kingdom, I believe it is well known that the industrious revolution has been associated with long working hours and enslavement of women and children in factory grounds as a few lived in luxury. Women and children have to work for long hours during the early phase of the industrial revolution as the factory owners were enriching themselves. The work of Johnson and Jarley (2004) was built on testing the argument that member participation in trade union work is a function of workplace injustice and justice perceptions. The Johnson and Jarley

Short Reflection on the Problem of Evil Essay Example for Free

Short Reflection on the Problem of Evil Essay The question of evil is a common hot button topic among atheists and non-Christians who attempt to disprove Christianity. They argue that an omnipotent and omniscient God cannot exist in a world with so much evil. The argument is used by them to try to prove that Christianity is â€Å"internally self-contradictory and thereby to be rejected.† Many claim that a benevolent and caring God would certainly not create evil or allow it to flourish in the world that He created. So, the problem of evil is how to explain that there can be a perfect, all-powerful, and all-loving God that exists in a world with so much moral and natural evil. First, natural and moral evil need to be distinguished from one another. Natural evil is defined as â€Å"evil which occurs in the process of the functioning of the natural order.† People are not responsible for these happenings; they are simply the victims and no one is to blame. The devastation that resulted from Hurricane Sandy is a perfect example of such evil, along with other problems such as cancer and earthquakes. Moral evil, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"evil produced by activities of moral agents.† This evil stems from intentional action, such as murder, stealing, and adultery. Natural evil is part of the consequences of moral evil that resulted from the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. The vast amount of evil that exists in the world is not because God created it, but because man allowed it. Man was not was not created by God with a built in evil nature; he was created with a free will that was exercised to purposefully sin. God gave Adam a choice whether to do right or wrong and he failed. The moment Adam chose to sin in the Garden of Eden the rest of the human race would be born in sin, too. God did not force this choice on Adam but allowed him to have complete free will. God is wholly benevolent and did not create evil; man brought it into the world by his sinful actions. Adam’s wrongdoing also brought condemnation the perfect world God created. Natural evils like illness and natural disasters are a direct result from the moral evil that man commits. Just as this God-given free will brought sin into the world, though, it gives us the chance to show our true love for God. He did not leaves us hopeless and abandoned when sin entered the world; He offers us a way of escape through His son Jesus Christ. There will always be evil in this world until Christ returns in glory one day. The evil that exists, both moral and natural, are not created by God but are a direct result of man abusing his free will and choosing wrongly. Bibliography Gerstner, J. H.. â€Å"Evil.† Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. E. Walter A Elwell. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001. 384-385. Print.

The Importance Of Biodiversity And Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Biodiversity And Effects Environmental Sciences Essay The importance of biodiversity has lack know by peoples. Human is actually relying on the biodiversity to survive because biodiversity provide useful and necessary resources such as food and raw material of medicine. Besides, the biodiversity is important role that working on ecosystem. It is kind of transportation of ecosystem service. The ecosystem provides services such as protection of soil thus the biodiversity loss is related to the reduction of ecosystem services. One of the main causes of biodiversity is deforestation. Deforestation rate increase day by day, the species lose their habitat and lack of food to survive. Human hew the forests to get the resources and also develop the human activities such as agriculture and tourism. More than fifty percent of Asian land area use to develop the agriculture. Human being should find out the solution to improve the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services. Reforestation improves the rate of deforestation but do not have effects on biodiversity loss. Therefore, human being should understand the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of biodiversity loss to increase the awareness and consideration of human to biodiversity issues. The importance of biodiversity and effects of deforestation on biodiversity loss Biodiversity means the species of life on our mother earth and the ecological processes that support the diversity of ecosystems. The goal of this research paper is to understand the importance of biodiversity and the effects of deforestation on biodiversity. The biodiversity and ecosystem issues compare to other environmental issues, peoples have less consideration to biodiversity issues. As the point above mentioned, the biodiversity is related to the condition of global ecosystem. The species of organisms on earth are facing the threat of habitat loss and extinction. If human do not take any action to improve this situation, we would lose many precious species. There are different areas of species of life in the world such as mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish and plants. Each of the different species of life has few or more species already extinct. For examples, red colobus monkey, dodo, and phantom shiner. There have no scientists or study can tell us how many species of life are in the world because our mother earth is a complex world and the relevant organizations discover new species to science ceaselessly until now. Therefore, we do not know there is how many species we are losing exactly. There are some experts forecast that the speed of biodiversity loss nowadays is between thousand and ten thousand higher than the natural extinction rate. Human may not understand well the influence of biodiversity to the entire human race and global ecosystems. Human obtain many resources from biodiversity, such as food, timber, raw materials of medicine and souvenir. In addition of those basic provisions, the biodiversity play the important roles of maintaining the ecosystem of the world. It provides the important services, such as cleaning water resources, protection of soil, reduction of global diseases and dedication of maintain the stability of climate. Biodiversity also contributes social benefits to us like tourism and entertainment development. However, human pay attention to what and how many benefits they can get from the biodiversity and ecosystem, the value of biodiversity and ecosystem would neglected by human. Nowadays, science has better perceptive to the biodiversity effects and ecosystem services. There are several study of biodiversity effects show that the biodiversity loss is relevant with the reduction of ecosystem services (e.g., Balvanera et al.2006, Cardinale et al.2007, Thompson et al.2009 as cited in Thompson, Okabe, Tylianakis, Kumar, Brockerhoff, Schellhorn, Parrotta Nasi, 2011). Thompson and colleagues (2009) found that seventy six percent of twenty one studies states that there is direct relationship between the richness of species and the production of ecosystem services. Based on all these studies, the biodiversity play the role of transportation of ecosystem services. Therefore, the damage of biodiversity may influence the cycling of species, and the transportation of ecosystem services. When the ecosystem services reduce, the environmental issues such as climate change will be more serious. From the above points of view, we can understand how important the biodiversity are and human could not survive without biodiversity and ecosystem service. One of the main reasons that cause biodiversity loss is deforestation. The animals lose their habitat and the biodiversity of forests are damage when deforestation happens. The area which has the highest rate of deforestation is Southeast Asia. According to a study of land use change in Asia, fifty percent of the Asian land is under the development of agriculture or the development of human activities ( Zhao, Peng, Jiang, Tian, Lei Zhou, 2006) In South Asia, seventy three percent of the land area is used as the development of agriculture. Therefore, the animals have no habitats and enough food to survive. For example, Singapore has ninety five percent of deforestation rate over the past one hundred and eighty three thus there has more than twenty eight percent of species has eliminated. Another country that have high rate of biodiversity loss caused by deforestation is Thailand (Zhao et al., 2006). Brooks, Mittermeier, Fonseca, Rylands, Konstant, Flick, Pilgrim, Oldfield, Magin Taylor (2001) stated that Nearly half the worlds vascular plant species and one-third of terrestrial vertebrates are endemic to twenty five of hotspots of biodiversity, each of which has at least one thousand and five hundred endemic plant species. None of these hotspots have more than one-third of their pristine habitat remaining. Historically, they covered twelve percent of the lands surface, but today their intact habitat covers only one point four of the land. Based on this article, we can know that the endemic of hotspots are facing the problem of extinction because of the habitat loss. When the habitat areas decrease, the species have highest possibility of extinction problems. Discussion As we know that, the biodiversity loss is more and more serious nowadays. Human should find out the solution to reduce the biodiversity loss. To reduce the extinction of biodiversity, we should decrease the rate of deforestation of the world. One of the solutions of deforestation is reforestation. Although reforestation does improve the rate of deforestation, it does not fully renovate the species richness and ecosystem of a forest. There is a study about the value of plantation forests; it finds that the species richness of reforestation is not as abundant as the aboriginal forest (Gardner, Hernandez, Barlow Peres, 2008). In my opinion, the best way to decrease the rate of deforestation is improve the consideration and awareness of human being. Government and the relevant organization should encourage peoples to concern about this topic and let children have the concepts of biodiversity and deforestation. Peoples should know well about the seriousness and consequences of biodiversity loss and the reduction of ecosystem thus they will appreciate and conserve the nature. Besides, Government should be stricter in land management to prevent peoples or some companies over extract the forests to acquire self-benefits. In addition, we can use science to improve the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services. For example, Sustainable forest management (SFM) is ecosystem management that work on the conservation of environment, such as biodiversity issues. They try to use scientific method to find out the most effective way and translating it into policy to conserve and renovate the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services (Thompson et al., 2011). Finally, there are also simple solutions such as do not buy the souvenirs that made of animals, less use of air-conditioner and buy timber from the legal company. Although those simple ways look not as effective as scientific method, peoples should make contribution to environmental issues. Conclusion The biodiversity loss has facing the highest rate over the past years. The government and organization of environment should not be the only who responsible to the conservation of environment. Human should have more knowledge about the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem service thus the awareness of human to biodiversity will increase. Human being should be more intelligent to maintain and protect our mother earth. If the rate of biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem continue increase, none of us can endure the consequences. Therefore, human being must be more consideration to this issue. Not only the government, should parents play a good role of model to their children to make the better environment for our next generation.

Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay

Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay In a recent study, Rafferty and Wiggan 2011 state, in the past, lone parents with children below 16 years of age had the right to seek paid work or not, without risk of sanction. The recommendations of the Freud Review (2007) of Welfare-to-Work provision and the 2007 Green Paper on Welfare Reform, In Work Better Off, marked a critical phase in policy, proposing a new social agreement that reinforced lone parents obligation to seek paid work (Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), 2007). Since October 2008, lone parents whose youngest dependent child is above twelve years of age are no longer eligible for Income Support (IS) on the grounds of being a lone parent. From 2010, this was extended to lone parents whose youngest dependent child was above seven years old and this was further extended in the Budget 2010 to those whose whos youngest dependent child being  ¬Ã‚ ve or over (Great Britain, Parliament, Her Majestys Treasury, 2010). This paper will analyse the implications of the Governments policy objectives and their vision that it is right to expect people to make every effort to get themselves ready for work, as well as raising expectations. The government intention is that those who find work benefit from higher income and improved wellbeing. There are also fiscal benefits, with a lower benefit burden the government estimates that this policy change will affect approximately 100,000 single parents in 2011and make savings of  £380m between 2011 and 2015 (Tickle, 2010) there is also wider social gains with reduced adult and child poverty through increased employment (DWP, 2008). Lone parents feel that their concerns have been disregarded; that being a parent is a full time job and there are insufficient flexible, family friendly jobs available (Woods, 2010). Gordon (2002) stated that uncertainty about how to get benefits reinstated quickly if the job did not work out has placed another barrier in the way of seeking employment as well as the loss of Housing Benefit and changes in their Working Tax Credit. This is reinforced by the Policy Studies Institute (1996) which found that many out of work lone parents say they are unable to take paid jobs, even if they could find affordable childcare and the biggest reason given was that their children were too young and needed their mother at home. Channel 4 News (2011) broadcast that as the new welfare reforms for single parents come into force, lone parents are being set up to fail (Gingerbread, 2011). Gordon, (2002) also stated that policies pursued by successive Conservative governments throughout the 1980s and 1990s led to a massive increase in the number of low-income households and families. New Labour changed direction and had policies on making work pay by creating a liveable minimum wage and a welfare ideology, which emphasised the importance of maternal care. One of the keystones of New Labours strategy to reduce welfare dependency was making work pay, a strategy that was especially directed at lone parents through increased financially supported childcare and a specific New Deal which started after the 1997 election. This targeted lone parents amongst other vulnerable groups. The programme was voluntary and offered a mixture of job search support, training and practical support for the transition to work. There were only limited opportunities for training, with the main focus being on getting lone parents back into work. Gregg, Harkness and Smith (2007) state that Governm ent policies to help lone parents back into work and reduce levels of poverty, could had a profound  difference and change the quality of life for lone parent families. The UKs commitment to a personalised, bespoke, support is limited because of the lack of resources and training. Cunningham Cunningham (2008) stated that Social Workers (SW) should be aware of lone parents and their struggle with poverty and employability because poverty is a key and defining feature in the lives of many Service Users (SUs). They go on to state that sociology in Social Work is an important skill for Social Workers to bring into practice to help underpin the General Social Care Council (GSCC) Codes of Practice (COP). The GSCC COP state SWs must have appropriate knowledge and skills to provide social care and keep those skills and knowledge up to date. According to Knijn, Martin and Millar, (2007) reducing welfare dependency for lone parents could result in reduced welfare expenditure and maximised employment rates along with improved socio-political impact for women. The financial incentives for work had to be substantive and sustainable to reduce the risk of in-work poverty. Gregg, Harkness and Smith, (2007) stated that as part of its welfare reform and child poverty strategy, the incoming New Labour government initiated a series of policies aimed at reducing child poverty in 1997 and a key element of this was to increase employment rates amongst families with children, especially lone parents. Finch et al (2004) suggested that a lack of good childcare is one of the significant barriers to the governments target to increase the lone parent employment rate to 70 % by 2010. The Welfare Reform Green Paper (2007) states work is at the heart of our Welfare Reform Programme. Allan (1997) stated that benefit regulations were changed in an effort to encourage lone mothers into work and greater pressure was put on non-resident fathers to make sufficient financial contributions to their childrens needs. In its Green Paper (1998) Supporting Families, New Labours stance on lone parents was clear about the benefits of marriage (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2010) and al so stated paid work is the best route out of poverty (Department of Social Security (DSS) (1998). Lone parents were one of their key target groups. At this stage parents could still choose between staying at home and being a parent or going out to work. In the Budget 2010 address, Mr Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, stated that the government expects lone parents to look for work when their youngest child goes to school. The changes  were implemented on 25 October 2010 and affected lone parents claiming IS.   Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) Regulations (2010) changed the policy too, once children are of full time school age, parents who are able to work and are claiming benefits should be expected to look for paid work to support themselves and their family. Ahrends, J (2010) stated that Gingerbread, a charity for single parents, is still calling on the Coalition Government to  implement plans to enable all employees to apply for flexible working, to ensure all jobs in the public sector are offered on a part- time or flexible basis and  introduce a right to paid parental leave to help parents deal with time off when children are ill. David Cameron, Gordon Brown and Nick Clegg all pledged to challenge prejudice against single parents in 2010 (Ahrends, 2010) and the newly elected Coalition Government (2010) further stated that it was committed to introducing flexible working for all and launched a taskforce on children and families, unfortunately 9 months later this same government has scraped regulations which came into force April 2011 as part of a package of measures to reduce bureaucracy for businesses. Stratton and Wintour (2011) wrote in The Guardian, Vince Cable, the Business Secretary, will exempt firms with fewer than 10 employees from all new red tape for three years as it subjects 21,000 pieces of regulation to an audit by the public. This will see a shelving of the right to request flexible working for parents with children under 17 which will apply to all firms, not just small ones. It will also scrap the right to request time for training and education toward Continuous Professional Development (CPD). Freegard, (2010) co-founder of NetMums, commented on the benefit changes and suggested many lone parents would be feeling very anxious. She also noted single parents often want to work, but finding jobs to fit around the school day is very difficult; as is finding and paying for suitable good quality childcare before and after the school day. Woods D (2010) stated that family-friendly jobs are still far too rare despite the Government requiring 100,000 single parents to seek work in 2011. According to Gingerbread the vast lack of jobs with flexibility could jeopardise plans to have more single parents in work. A national survey of single parent members and users of NetMums website found that members had seen few jobs advertised that they could apply few for with part time hours, within school hours or as a job share or flexible in some other way. Launching a Gingerbread Briefing on flexible working, chief executive of the charity Weir (2011) called on the Government to move faster on plans for flexible working: She stated that the business case for flexible working has been proven with most employers agreeing that people work best when they have a work/life balance. Giullari, (2009) states in terms of poverty eradication there has been an improvement. Single parents employment rate has certainly risen, from 40% in the early 1980s to 56.6% in 2009. The Freud Report, (2007) states it is an increasingly common expectation that once children reach school age then receipt of benefits should be conditional on looking for a job. JSA is the main benefit for people who are out of work, to receive it you must be available for and actively looking for work. JSA is only given to bona fide jobseekers, anyone who refuses an interview, restart interview or fails to keep the job search diary faces instant cessation of their sensation benefits; this is not suitable for all. Lone parents still have the right to  limit their hours and not be expected to work outside normal school hours. For the governments policy to work, there has to be sustainable, flexible work for lone parents to be employed in. Under this welfare ideology one of the key assumptions is that all adults should be in work even if it means precarious employment (Lewis and Giullari 2005). This welfare ideology emphasises and promotes active social policies and needs full employ ment to achieve this (Knijn et al, 2007). The Coalition Work and Pensions (DWP) Minister, Maria Miller stated, We know that work is the best route out of poverty. Now with personalised interventions the most successful are when the intervention meets the SU needs, wishes and capacities (Van Berkel and Valkenburg 2006). Ahrends, (2011) debates although successive governments have promoted work as the route out of poverty and that many single parents are better off in paid work this is not always the case: 21% of children whose single parent is in full time work still fall below the poverty line, as do 29 % of children whose single parent is working part time. Ahrends (2010) further states 4 out of 10 children living in poverty are in a single parent household, and 9 out of 10 of them are mothers. More than 20% of women have persistently low incomes, helping, rather than forcing, these women is the answer. Finch et al (2004) discusses that numerous studies have suggested that Britains parents are failing, children are miserable and have poor moral, social and intellectual upbringing. Paton, (2011) writes children from single parent families are worse behaved, children raised by single mothers are twice as likely to misbehave as those born into traditional two-parent families, according to the Daily Telegraph. Headlines like this increase lone parents thinking that the government believes parenting can be done  alongside of part time work are counterproductive. When a lone parent starts work, there are many changes to daily life. and the lives of their families and other family members may have to be more involved in child care. All of this including the social, work, carer and school settings are key elements to work sustainability; this has not yet been systematically explored in research (Millar and Ridge, 2009). The Freud Review (2007) fails to answer difficult questions of how pu tting pressure on the most vulnerable will help the government to meet their child poverty targets and enable the best start for all children. Single parents want to work, for various reasons; increased income and financial independence are key motivators along with personal independence, the opportunity for social interaction with other adults, and to set a good example to their children. According to Ahrends, (2010) 42% of single parents say that having almost any job is better than being unemployed on benefits. Throughout Britain, a high proportion of single parent families are already in situations of severe financial vulnerability. The cost of living in Britain is  £13,400 (Bradshaw et al. 2008,p. 32). Figures produced for the DWP (See annex A) reveal that over 50% of people living in single parent families fall into the low-income bracket, which is defined as below 60% of the national median income after deducting housing costs (approximately  £195 per week for a single parent with children). In contrast, less than 5% of two parent families fall into this category (DWP, 2010). Finch et al (2010) state single paren t families will suffer disproportionately, not only under cuts to public services but also under tax increases and benefit changes. It is clear that single parent families, especially those headed by women, are at risk of becoming even more vulnerable to poverty. Jenkins, (2011) states that as most children living in severe poverty are in workless households, priority should be given to removing barriers to employment for parents living in poverty. Key measures to combat child poverty include help with childcare costs for low income households and more support for parents who work in part-time jobs; this could be done by raising the earned income level at which lone parents can claim full benefits, providing more training opportunities for parents who need and want to boost their skills and an increases in the minimum wage. The London School of Economics and Political Science state the Misery Index is a simple economic concept, which puts together the ills of inflation and unemployment together into a single amount of our financial despondency (Rainford, 2011). February 2011 saw it hit the highest level since October 1992. The Fawcett Society, a charity that campaigns for equality between women and men, points out, unemployment among women is already at its highest for the last twenty years. Women are the biggest losers under the public sector cuts. Women are also most likely to be affected by the governments plans to review regulations that burden business. The Fawcett Society (2011) state that the budget was a good opportunity missed, to present a credible growth plan and had some consideration of how to enable women to take up new jobs in the private sector. These measures were put in place to tackle the private sector pay gap and promote family-friendly jobs, which reflect the needs of a modern work force. Lone parents are facing a changing environment of social protection because of reduction in services and monies available because of the central government cuts. With the Coalition Government there has been a shift away from supporting lone parents being full time carers at home to an employment-based maternal model. There is a rhetoric focus and direction towards supporting employment and now the move to compulsory work-related requirements. Lone parents with children five years or over are treated the same as any other unemployed claimant (Woods, 2011). Lone parents are not now seen as having caring obligations but as a wider part of a hidden unemployed. DWP (2008) state the governments strategy is to increase employment and decrease poverty among lone parents but there are many obstacles still to be overcome. Gloster, et al. (2010) state that some of this is the incompatibility between low paid, part-time atypical jobs and the primary caring responsibilities of lone parents there is also no systematic provision for special paid or unpaid leave, good quality affordable childcare is difficult to find and there are few training programmes that fit into the lives of lone parents. Without the security of a second wage, child tax credits are paid regardless of the work status and the working tax credit is specifically intended as a supplement for low wages all contribute to this incompatibility. Family-friendly employment with a work/life balance are not now part of the governments policies and without action from both the Government and employers, many single parents will remain in the poverty trap. (Woods, 2011) (Word Count 2730)

A Helping Hand for College :: Expository Classification Essays

A Helping Hand for College    Approximately 60% of all students enrolled in higher education receive some type of financial assistance. Financial aid is provided to students for many reasons. The primary reason is to increase the accessibility for families that are unable to afford the full cost of higher education. Scholarships, loans, and federal work studies are categories of financial aid given to help students further their education.    A scholarship is a financial award given to students in recognition of achievement, such as academics or athletics. Other scholarships are awarded to minorities and women to increase their access to higher education. In many cases, the qualifications for a scholarship include financial need as well. A scholarship does not require repayment. Most scholarships are given to students who attend business schools, technical and vocational schools, nursing schools and 2-year colleges.    A loan is an award offered by various government and private agencies. The interest rates are lower than those of regular bank loans, and in most cases interest is not charged while a student is enrolled in college; repayment is also extended over a long period of time. There are loans for students and parents. Student loans are the most common form of financial assistance to students. They are available for both undergraduate and graduate studies. They are issued by commercial banks and state student loan authorities at an interest rate considerably lower than the current market level and guaranteed by the federal government. The loan must be repaid within a ten-year period beginning six months after the student's graduation.    Federal work study is another type of student financial aid. It is a part-time job co- financed by the government and a college to allow students to earn money to help pay educational expenses. The program encourages community service work and work related to a student's course of study. The salary will be at least minimum wage, but it may be higher, depending on the type of work and skills required. The total federal work study awarded depends on when a student applies, the level of need, and the funding level of a college. An undergraduate student is paid by the hour. A graduate student may be paid by the hour or receive a salary.

Comparing Feminism in Frankenstein and Dracula :: comparison compare contrast essays

Throughout the texts we have read in English thus far have been feminist issues. Such issues range from how the author published the book to direct, open statements concerning feminist matters. The different ways to present feminist issues is even directly spoken of in one of the essays we read and discussed. The less obvious of these feminist critiques is found buried within the texts, however, and must be read carefully to understand their full meaning- or to even see them. Mary Shelley's anonymous publishing of her very powerful Frankenstein is a fine example of feminism found in society. Many have criticized her for allowing her husband, Percy Shelley, to edit her work. The society of her day has also received much negative criticism for not allowing her to publish her works with her name directly attached, by non-verbally agreeing they would not buy the works of a woman. For they believed that a woman's work could not live up to the superiority of a man's. Societal disapproval of women taking on roles outside of the home are surprisingly found also within her book. A person can easily see evidence of this, as Walton's sister Margaret is addressed only in letters, with no mention of any accomplishments with the exception of staying home and "being there" for Walton. Elizabeth herself didn't leave home to go on trips, not even when her "dearest Victor" was in the darkest of his troubles. It was not Elizabeth who went to comfort her fiance, she instead remained at home to care for the household affairs. This was no doubt a better place for her, as the society of the times demanded Mary Shelley to agree so that her literature would be sold. Johanna Smith spoke directly of feminism in several cultures, highlighting on French, British, and American cultures. She spoke of language and politics as they related to feminism. Another woman who directly spoke of feminism was Simone de Beauvoir. Her works highly criticized the way society, particularly men, worked women to a ragged condition. In retrospect, Smith analyzed cultural feminism, while Beauvoir attacked societal feminism. Bram Stoker craftily allows women to take charge, though at times he allows them to seem pitiful creatures in need of male protection and care. Through the word "journal" in reference to Mina's writings, Stoker allows her to be equal with her male companions. She is also put on the level by being allowed to travel and be an active part of their discussions and works.

Joe Dimaggio Essay -- baseball players

Joe DiMaggio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe DiMaggio was one of the best baseball players of all time. He set many records, including the longest wining streak in Major League Baseball history, it lasted 56 games. He came to America as the son of poor Italian immigrants, but grew up to be an American Icon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914. His parents were Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio and Rosalie DiMaggio. He had three brothers and three sisters. His brothers were Michael DiMaggio, Tom DiMaggio, and Vince DiMaggio. His sisters were Dominic, Nellie, and Marie DiMaggio. His father was a fisherman, and his family was poor. They lived in an old, small shack. Vince DiMaggio dropped out of high school and turned his back on fishing. He worked at a fruit stand but still had a lot of talent in baseball. He was looked at by semi-pro teams like the Seals. Both of his older brothers played semi-pro baseball for over one hundred dollars a month. He joined the San Francisco Seals and played for them. Joe DiMaggio grew up in San Francisco and went to school there. He was not bad at school through his elementary year but when he got to high school he didn’t fit in. He was a poor son of a fisherman and his schoolmates were higher classed. He dropped out of high school in 10th grade. He worked as a truck loader, and he crated oranges and worked at a factories, but he was not satisfied doing these odd jobs for minimum wage. He thought that being his brothers Tom and Vince played professional ball for the San Francisco Seals he might be able to too. They played for over $100.00 a month. In 1932 he joined the San Francisco Seals. That year he played 186 games with the Seals. That is a huge amount of games for one season. Joe played for the Seals from 1932-35, but made a large impact on major league baseball scouts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In nineteen thirty-five, Joe DiMaggio was invited to go to spring training with the New York Yankees. He met the baseball player Lou Gehrig, and other great ball players. Jerry Coleman, the Yankee’s second baseman, said about Joe, â€Å"Nothing made Joe happier then to do well in a big series and help the club win. He was a winner in the finest sense of the word. He was simply the greatest ball player I ever saw and it’s not easy to carry that burden. Joe carried it with class and dignity.† When the Yankee’s left fielder, Charlie Keller met Joe, he said, â€Å"When... ...ll players of all time. Work Cited Page Internet sources: Vizzuso. Hall of Famer Biographies. [Online] Available http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CLASS/AM483_P7/projects/vizzuso/final.html, April 10, 2000. No author. National Baseball Hall of Fame-Joe DiMaggio. [Online] Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/dimaggio_joe.html, April 10, 2000. Book sources: Stout, Glen. DiMaggio, an Illustrated Life. New York: Walker and Company, 1995. Outline Joe DiMaggio Controlling Purpose-The purpose about this report is to tell about the life of one of the best baseball players ever, Joe DiMaggio. I- Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Birth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Elementary School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) High School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D.) Jobs II- San Francisco Seals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Getting There   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Career Stats for the Seals III- Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Early Career   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Team Leader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) Career Stats for the Yankees IV- Family Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Marriage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Marilyn Monroe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) Dorothy Arnold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Children V- After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Key Learnings from a Microeconomics Class for Mba Students

30. 11. 2012 Key learnings from Micro Economics module It was a very informative session and an eye opener. I was under the impression that economics only deals with fiscal and monetary policies. This was my first acquaintance with micro economics and it opened up a new perspective. I am in a position now to understand many events that happen every day around me. I am able to have a broad idea about how these events may have a direct or indirect impact on me as an individual (professionally as well as personally) and to an organisation.Detailed below are a few (but not all) significant points that were new to me : Law of Demand & Supply : The quantity demanded of a good falls when the price rises and the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price rises. Price of a good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and demanded into balance. Other determinants of consumers demand include income, price of substitutes, expectations etc. Any change in these factors shifts the demand curve . Equilibrium : A situation where market price is at a level at which supply and demand quantity equals.Equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. Surplus : A situation in which supply is greater than demand Consumers’ surplus : Buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. It measures benefit buyers gets by participating in a market. Producers’ surplus : The amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production. It measures benefit sellers get from participating in a market. Dead Weight Loss : The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion. Marginal Utility :Additional utility derived by consuming additional unit quantity of goods. Competitive markets : Prices in a perfectly competitive market always equal marginal cost of production. To maximise profit firms chooses output quantity such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. A Monopolistica lly competitive market is characterized by attributes like many firms, differentiated products and free entry. Each firm in a monopolistically competitive market has excess capacity. There is standard deadweight loss of monopoly caused by the mark up of price over marginal cost.The product differentiation inherent in monopolistic competition leads to the use of advertising and brand names. Oligopoly is a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products. Above concepts also clarified how Marginal cost, Sunk cost, Average Cost, Variable cost and Fixed cost help in determining sustainability of doing business and how they help in arriving at decisions like â€Å"maximize profit† or â€Å"continue to produce to cover costs†. Concepts of monopolistic and perfect competition along with examples covered in the class were apt for digesting the underlying principles.It also helped to understand how political/governmental interferences balances or imbalances the market forces and thus effecting the price and/or consumers’ and producers’ behaviour. Price Discrimination (PD) : Important concept on types of price discrimination used by various industries and businesses were interesting to know. I am a consumer of discriminated prices since birth however, never realized that I am a victim or beneficiary of the same. How business use it to their advantage. Concepts of types of PD and their application was an eye opener and gave me a new perspective to look at the market competition in a different way.Others : Prisoner’s Dilemma and Rivalry in Consumption, never heard off but fun to understand. How externalities (positive or negative) influence producers. Tragedy of common and enclosure movement were also unknown but not any longer. In conclusion : I have been thru’ above every day of my life but was never able to understand it the way I am able to do it now. Biggest surprise of all to me was that the u nderlying theme of all these is Microeconomics. And, I thought Economics is one field and was unaware of micro and macro.

Cement Clinker Manufacturing Process Manual

What is cement? Cement is a fine powder which sets after a few hours when mixed with water, and then hardens in a few days into a solid, strong material. Cement is mainly used to bind fine sand and coarse aggregates together in concrete. Cement is a hydraulic binder, i. e. it hardens when water is added. There are 27 types of common cement which can be grouped into 5 general categories and 3 strength classes: ordinary, high and very high. In addition, some special cements exist like sulphate resisting cement, low heat cement and calcium aluminate cement.The quarry is the starting point Cement plants are usually located closely either to hot spots in the market or to areas with sufficient quantities of raw materials. The aim is to keep transportation costs low. Basic constituents for cement (limestone and clay) are taken from quarries in these areas. A two-step process Basically, cement is produced in two steps: first, clinker is produced from raw materials. In the second step cement is produced from cement clinker. The first step can be a dry, wet, semi-dry or semi-wet process according to the state of the raw material.Making clinker The raw materials are delivered in bulk, crushed and homogenised into a mixture which is fed into a rotary kiln. This is an enormous rotating pipe of 60 to 90 m long and up to 6 m in diameter. This huge kiln is heated by a 2000 °C flame inside of it. The kiln is slightly inclined to allow for the materials to slowly reach the other end, where it is quickly cooled to 100-200 °C. Four basic oxides in the correct proportions make cement clinker: calcium oxide (65%), silicon oxide (20%), alumina oxide (10%) and iron oxide (5%).These elements mixed homogeneously (called â€Å"raw meal† or slurry) will combine when heated by the flame at a temperature of approximately 1450 °C. New compounds are formed: silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium. Hydraulic hardening of cement is due to the hydration of these compounds. The final product of this phase is called â€Å"clinker†. These solid grains are then stored in huge silos. End of phase one. From clinker to cement The second phase is handled in a cement grinding mill, which may be located in a different place to the clinker plant.Gypsum (calcium sulphates) and possibly additional cementitious (such as blastfurnace slag, coal fly ash, natural pozzolanas, etc. ) or inert materials (limestone) are added to the clinker. All constituents are ground leading to a fine and homogenous powder. End of phase two. The cement is then stored in silos before being dispatched either in bulk or bagged. What is concrete? Concrete is a solid material made of cement, sand, water, aggregates and often with admixtures.When fresh, it has a certain workability and takes the form of the mould into which it is put. When set and hardened, it is as strong as natural stone and resists time, water, frost, mechanical constraints and fire. Typically, concrete is the essentia l material used in all types of construction [residential (housing), non-residential (offices) and civil engineering (roads, bridges, etc. )]. Read more: http://www. crusherindustry. com/ skype: anna. smith20121 Email: [email  protected] com

Management theories Essay

Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory have played an vital role in the history of modern management .It is two qualitative leap of modern management system. As two relatively complete system of Management theory, Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory has made its own unique contribution. This essay aims to identify key similarities and differences between two theory by comparing detailed aspects which including focus, the comprehension of structure ,basic assumptions of person and the task of leader, simultaneously, exploring how Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. Classical Management theory was developed during the Industrial Revolution in order to deal withthe problem about inefficiency in the factories. it mainly contained of Weber(1922)’s Bureaucratic management,Taylor(1911)’s Scientific Management and Fayol(1925)’s General Management Principles. As Taylor (1911) wrote in his books â€Å"the purpose of scientific management is how achieve the maximum efficiency â€Å",these theory highlighted the importance of using scientific and standardized methods in workplace ; pointed out the study will continue to improve the working methods; determine the many principles to operate the organization more efficiently and emphasized the salary as a potential factor of motivation. Human Relation theory was proposed by a America behavioral scientist named Mayo (1933) after that Classical Management theory had been presented for nearly 20 years . According to Meyao (1933)the most important factor that effected the productivity are not condition and treatment ,but the human relation in workplace.Human Relation theory stressed the importance of human factors ;advocated improving managers’ interpersonal skills and changing leadership; emphasized the informal organization Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory contain many aspects that share differences and few aspects share similarities. Firstly, on focus,the classical management approach emphasized a concern for task (output).Thus, using the methods of Optimization of techniques and strict management in order to improve workers output is what the classical  management theory concentrate on. In contrast ,the Human Relations Approach focuses on both the workers themselves and efficiency, This aimed at increasing the work productivity through satisfaction and collaboration. Secondly ,according to the comprehension of organizational structure .in Classical Management approach . The organizational structure should be formal and clearly. Weber (1922) wrote that an ideal administrative structure has characteristics which including: a clear organizational division of labor ;a top-down hierarchy; a professional management system and a strict independent rules and discipline. Whereas the Human Relations Theory proposed the perspective that there is a informal organization existed in enterprise besides formal organization.The role of this formal is to safeguard the common interests of the members so that protect the common interests from additional loss caused by negligence of internal individual or external interference. For instance ,a group which the members are not arranged by manager but the reason of which have common values or personal interests is a informal organization. Thirdly ,on basic assumptions of person, the classical approach adopts standardized the methods of working ,as well as training of employees and they worked more like machines. Therefore , the staff often regarded as â€Å"economic person â€Å"in Classical Management theory ,this approach also states that the salary is the only way to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees to work .While Human Relations theory proposes treated staff as â€Å"social person † so that not only does it consider collaboration factor to motivate worker but also views strong worker relationship, recognition and achievement as motivators for increased productivity. It’s based on the most popular Maslow(1943)’s hierarchy of needs which stated that every person has some needs which affects his performance and motivation. These needs in the order from the most basic are Physiological needs, Safety needs, social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization needs. ( Maslow ,1943) Finally ,the task of leadership under classical management theory is to set the staff to set work standards, and supervise employees complete the  project efficiently .While under the Human Relations theory, the task of leader ship was to facilitate cooperation or coordination among the workers while providing assistance and opportunities for their personal promotion and development and was to be seen as â€Å"an agent for intra and inter group communication. † (Donnelly,2008) Although both two theories on the theoretical though and the approaches are totally different. They still contain a few similarities . For example,they both believe in organizations as closed, changeless entities which shared a common point common â€Å"increased productivity â€Å",It was the final goal either of approaches focused on the target that attempted to find the most efficient way for arranging and managing tasks. It is difficult to identify which theory is more superior, in most case .modern enterprise associate two management approach to increased productivity. How to balance it is what the leader should ponder. Therefore ,the two major theoretical thought of management theory are well described by Douglas McGregor’s theory X and theory Y in his book named ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’ Theory X relates to the classical approach that holds that People need, and indeed tend to be directed and controlled .In the meantime ,leaders should use strict rule and punishments to regulated workers behavior. Theory Y relates to the human relations approach, the idea that management’s task is to create an environment where employees can be innovative and productive or satisfied in the workplace at least. For instances, In 1960s, a new mode of production named â€Å"just in time † (also named Lean Production) was implemented Toyota Automotive Corporation .JIT is good combination of two theories. it helps corporation overcome the first energy crisis .The core of JIT is produce timely and appropriately. Equalization and standard production cycle time and standard operating sequence reflect classical management, while Employees can intervene in the production process and develop personal initiative. The mode of production also stressing coordination ,this factors reflect thought of Human Relations theory. In the nutshell.As two of the most significant studies in field of  management,Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory have their own particular merits and limitations. the two theories should not be simply isolated, a single and combined together, but to be a relationship of organic whole. Because of diversity of modern economic environment, A good leader should be the one who can balance various theories and put into practice depending on different situation.which means none of management theories is superior to the other. Reference: Fayol,H (1949) General and Industrial Management.New York :Harper= Taylor,F.W(1911) The Principles of Scientific Management.New York: Harper Donnelly,R.(2008) The Role of the Manager. Scotland: Pitman Publishing. Donnelly, R. (2000) Schools of Management Thought. Scotland :Pitman Publishing. Maslow ,A. H. (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation.New York:Psychological Review. Mayo,E.(1933) The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization.Boston :Harvard University Press. McGregor,D(1960) The Human Side of Enterprise .New York: McGraw-Hill Bibliography: Davis,R.C. (1951) The Fundamentals of Top Management .New York: Harper

Carl Robins- Case Study

Introduction The case study of Carl Robbins reveals a company and an employee who is unprepared to welcome properly, new employees into the company environment in an effective and meaningful way. Chris Traynor, a board-certified SPHR (Senior professional of human resources) relates it this way, â€Å"A botched orientation is almost always a top-down problem, regardless of who might have the everyday responsibility of training the new hire. It is a mystery when you consider what is already known about the true value of good employees and just how difficult and costly it can be to attract them to your business (2008). The orientation of new employees is critical to their early performance and the retention of the new employees over the long term. Orientation should involve HR, training, and the supervisors of the new employees in an organized manner in order that the transition into the new role or department will be graceful, but impactful (Giacalone, 2009). Preparation was missing b efore Carl Robbin became a recruiter for ABC, Inc. Background Key Problems Find new location for orientation Complete all missing transcripts and incomplete applications Mandatory drug screen must be scheduled Complete orientation manual with only 17 days left Table 1. Details of orientation to be prepared (University of Phoenix, 2009) New location New employee’s missing documents Mandatory Drug Screen Orientation Manual Alternative and proposed solutions New Location Call a local hotel where he can meeting to conduct his new employee orientation. Reserve the room that Joe booked either in the am or pm after the computer training class. Find a new facility where they can conduct a meeting. Call a local restaurant where he can reserve a room to continue the new class orientation. Complete missing transcripts and incomplete applications Carl should begin by contacting each individual as necessary and work on each one to make sure that the mandatory drug test is completed by June 15th. Consolidate a list of the individuals that are still missing information and submit the information to Mrs. Carrol to assure her that this is going to be completed as promised. Schedule a time where they can come in and fill out the missing paperwork. Start sending out an email to every student who needs to have this completed by June 15th. Make sure that the new employees submit the missing transcripts before June 10th Drug screen appointments Contact the Human Resource department where they can begin scheduling appointments for the new employees to get have this resolved. Schedule a conference call where he can explain the importance of the matter. Inform all new employees that if this is not resolve before June 15th, then they cannot attend the class and it will delay their start date with the company. Incomplete orientation manuals Over the past years, this is not something new that Carl is facing and he needs to take action immediately and address it to the right personnel. A company as big as ABC, Inc. might have old manuals that he can use, but he will need to contact the main office to request these materials. Below are some of the solutions to this problem. Call the office to have this ordered or reprinted Begin by getting a copy of it and make enough copies for everyone. Once he gets a hold of a legit copy he needs to save if to his file for future reference. Review all material and make any necessary changes if needed. Conclusion The concern that Carl Robbin has implied in the scenario needs to be replaced by action and planning. The facts remain that the time is short. Promises have been made to facilitate the orientation in a certain time frame. Completion of the project is necessary to fulfill the goals set by the supervisor and as personally set by Robbins. This project can be completed on time and with an acceptable level of quality. Whereas some additional expense may be incurred if a conference room must be rented, it is likely a minor expense when the cost of recruiting is considered. The additional stress and poor pre-planning will be a learning experience. ABC, Inc. and Robbin will be better prepared in the case of another recruiting drive after the experience considered in this scenario. References: _http://www. criticalthinking. org_ http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF. University of Phoenix. (2009). Case study for student analysis . Retrieved from University of Phoenix, COM215 Essentials of College Writing website.

Responsible Gaming Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Gaming Project - Essay Example Many government and non government organizations have been set up to ensure responsible gaming and to research on gambling disorders and to treat them. The largest private research centre present in the United States of America is National Center for Responsible Gaming (in Washington and Boston), Nevada council on Problem Gambling in Las Vegas and Responsible Gambling Council in Ontario. In order to ensure responsible gaming, certain rules have been made. It is expected from the employees to make sure that the rules are being implemented and the public is gambling safely. It is their duty to keep a check on the gamers if they are gaming for fun or are addicted to it and have gaming disorders. Nevada Gaming Commission passed a bill regarding gamers with problems. According to it a ‘licensee’ is a person who is authorized to carry out gaming operations. A licensee is supposed to provide information and guidelines in black and white regarding the signs and consequences of b eing addicted to gambling. The guidelines should include the toll free contact numbers of organizations who help the gamers with their addiction approved by the chairman of the casino. These guidelines should be present in the view of all gamers, near the cash giving machines and gaming tables (Nevada Gaming Commission – Regulations 5.170). The licensee should make sure that all employees who interact with patrons in the gaming zones are trained. The training includes identification of gamers who exhibit signs of being addicted to gaming and giving them detailed information of their problems, their symptoms, and what the problems may lead to. The employee should recommend organizations who help people with gambling and tell them about suitable programs they should take to get rid of the problem The licensee should keep a check on the employees ensuring that they are carrying out the delegated tasks efficiently, and for that he can appoint a personnel who can make sure that th e program is going smoothly and the employees are being trained properly. Training programs under the Nevada council on problem Gambling are taken for granted to provide sufficient training for the time period specified by under the Nevada council on problem Gambling (Nevada Gaming Commission – Regulations 5.170). Licensees involved in issuing credits of credits, checking the money, and advertising various games in their casinos by sending mails to patrons will have to put into practice a program having appropriate factors to give awareness to the patrons about drawing their lines and keeping within the limits they set for themselves and limiting their access to the licensee in charge of in issuing credits of credits, checking the money, and advertising various games in their casinos by sending mails. The vital elements of that program include the improvement of materials regarding distribution of written material among the patrons. Availability of forms which the patrons can fill out, confirming that they will be taking part in the activities offered by the program is important. Limits should be set that would not enable a patron access to cashing of checks, giving out credits and promotion of gaming. Processes that can remove the patron from contacting a licensee directly and removing him from gambling in the place allotted to that licensee and a system which the patron can report to

Outsourcing, alliances, mergers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Outsourcing, alliances, mergers - Research Paper Example This follows into the older model of competitive advantage for organizations; mergers and acquisitions. The paper concludes by evaluating the economics of each mode and understanding its need for businesses in the international arena. The confusion around globalization makes it harder to concretely define the term itself. In many cases, it is the prominent catchphrase for describing the process of international economic integration’ (Scholte, 2005, 16). In the context of the argument presented in this paper, globalization is viewed as an amalgamation of liberalization, universalization and westernization. Hence, it could be defined as the process of removing restrictions on movements between countries, creating a synthesis of cultures and spreading experiences to people in all corners of the world (Scholte, 2005). The birth of trade can be traced back to the time of the barter system – entities trading goods with one another, each valuing the other’s item equivalent to their own by a certain numerical degree, i.e. 1 is to 1, or 1 is to 10. With time, as trade expanded to larger volumes, the basic concept of valuation remained embedded in certain form. Inter-industry trade, where one country tends to export one good and import a wholly different type of good, is dominantly explained by comparative advantage. Prior to this concept, Adam Smith in 1766 proposed the theory of absolute advantage for international trade, where a country exports products that are produced cheaply compared to trading partners, and imports products produced more expensively. Hence, each country would hold absolute advantage in a product over the other. David Ricardo in 1817 brought about a different insight claiming international trade depends on opportunity costs (prices of one good expressed in terms of amount of other good needed to forego in order to purchase it) (Tayeb, 2000). Like other classical political economists, Ricardo’s

Learning activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning activities - Essay Example The Americans public displays of affection are seen as liberated and rude in front of elders of Asian countries like the Philippines. It is in this way that false assumptions are made of cultural differences. While racism seeks to rationally and consciously oust different ethnicities, ethnocentrism is created by enculturation (Patterson 2005). A great disparity occurs because of the presence of ethnocentrism in the minds of individuals. With it comes improper deliverance of health care facilities to members of different races and ethnicities. Health workers, community members and policies are all affected by ethnocentrism which prevents individuals from getting the full benefits of a health care program. Despite all of this, there have been universal standards of right and wrong that are introduced and prevalent in the world today. The ideas of a superior white race during America's colonial times have been replaced with equal systems being created for whites and blacks alike. Thus, with time come change and a greater acceptance of different cultures. 2. There are certain health care jobs that each federal and state government is responsible for providing to the citizens of their country. This includes basic ideas like protecting the health and safety of every individual. The physical and mental health of each citizen has to be recognized and acknowledged through providence of proper food and nutrition along with controlling of diseases and providing for the elderly. But it also includes the measures that must be taken to protect the health of citizens during disasters. This includes providing and realizing the basic health care needs of each individual in a disaster hit area and providing relief medicine and goods accordingly. 3. Don't know 4. Don't know 5. Medicare refers to a social insurance program that is set up by the United States government to provide for the coverage of health insurance to any citizen over the age of sixty five or those who meet the special criteria (Medicare Rights Centre). Operating under a single fund, the doctors and expenses of this insurance program are all funded by the government itself. 6. Medicare is a perfect example of a health policy provided for by a single payer: in this case the government. Thus, living up to the ideals of social liberalism, Medicare provides equally for the patients who fit the required needs. 7. The presence of health care provided according to income is ample proof of an economic liberalism that exists in the United States Module 5 Allied health professionals provide a varied and diverse number of services. The education sought by each of these doctors, the degree of autonomy they have been allowed by the medical establishment that employs them and the regulations that have been set out to control their practices are all varied and different from professional to professional. However, there are a number of similarities between them. Emerging from the same history and evolutionary path, the creation of the autonomy is distinctly similar. Cost effective strategies have forced tremendous

American Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Express - Case Study Example American Express is perceived as a premium brand product and the principles listed above are reflected in their credit card business. Though the service credit cards are directed at several different income and status levels, they have been able to maintain a mystique of exclusivity. The cards cover the range of the common inexpensive credit card to the 'cause marketed' Red Card which donates a share of the profits to fight AIDS. High income levels are targeted with the Black Centurian Card costing $2500 and made out of titanium. Their peripheral businesses, such as car rental and hotel reservations, have benefited from this brand recognition and customer loyalty. Teamwork has allowed American Express to become a truly global company. They entered the international market at the beginning of the 20th century with the introduction of internationally accepted Traveler's Checks. Their cards are now recognized around the world. While much of American Express's success has come from their innovation in financing, they have also been able to cultivate and manage relationships based on their reputation. When the company went through organizational restructuring in the middle of the 1980s to confront the growing competition from Visa and Mastercard and the loss of merchant services, they turned to their core business and its principles. "Rebuilding relationships with merchants became a top priority, as did significantly increasing American Express Card acceptance across a wide range of industries and geographical markets" ("Our History"). Years later, the company's chief executive would say, in retrospect, "If not for the strength of our brand name, American Express would have collapsed by the late 1980s" ("Our History"). For American Express, it was not the product but their brand reputation that saved the company. Today, many other products compliment the financial card segment. They have co-branded with Citi Bank and other financial institutions to offer bank issued credit cards. They offer a wide range of personal and business travel services that fit well with the financial card unit. They have become a one-stop-shop for the personal or business traveler. In addition they offer an array of business services from financing to taxes that once again are based on, and linked to, the business credit card unit. A business can arrange all their financing, financial planning, lines of credit, travel, lodging, and airlines, and have it all billed through the payment service unit. These services would not have been possible for American Express without the unique position and reputation of their financial card product. Works Cited "Our

Business Planning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Planning and Development - Essay Example The market that we were targeting is broader one. We served the customers with the uniqueness and quality rather than offering them with lower price (Business Dictionary, 2011). The company offered quality and features that were acceptable and valued by the customers. The advantage that the company encountered due to differentiation strategy is the uniqueness among other available products. Now a days people prefer uniqueness even if they have to pay a little extra for it. For this strategy we trained the production team and sales department for creating innovative products and properly market the products. The difficulties that the company faced were that the rivals copied the style and design and offered it at a lower price. This affected our market position and resulted in lesser customers and market share. The other difficulties that our company faced were due to the sales and production teams (Murray, 1988). The differentiation strategy highly depends on these two departments. I f these are strong and reliable the company will flourish. That is why the company hired consultant and increased its production units. The company also got facilitated by the advertising strategy. This helped the company in having greater sales and profit. The company overcame this difficulty by offering quality and services that were worth buying. The biggest challenge for our company was to provide unique services to the customer and to satisfy maximum number of customers (Strategic Management, 2010). In achieving this target, we have competed with the rivals and reflected our decided strategy with our actions and products. The future prospects of the company are to enhance its targeted market and to provide the customers with larger variety and styles. The customers are concerned with the styles and prices of the product. We want to work on it to further collaborate with the customers in providing them products of their choices (Porter, 1997). For achieving this goal, the compan y would have to increase its production and manufacturing units. The company will need the services of more distributors and consultants. For the sake of sales and production enhancements, the company has to bring in more assets and operating resources. As discussed earlier, to achieve these goals the company has applied for loan to expand the finances and resources. The more the company has opportunities for increasing the production units and sales, the more the company can earn profit and efficiency. The target for setting up this system is to increase the sales and profitability. The biggest trade off in this policy is the low cost versus high cost. The benefit that the company may get due to the expansion of production units is the profit and sales. When the company offers a product with extra features at a higher price, only limited number of customers by it. In contrast to this, the people buy products which are cheaper in rate and are imitated products. The company should ha ve enough resources that if the company does not achieve more than it has estimated, the company can recover the loss. The companies offering lower prices can b difficult to tackle but if the customers are loyal the company can gain profit and credibility. For the establishment of this business, I have sacrificed a lot. On a personal note, the commitments that I had to make include the sacrifices of one’s own needs. We have to fully commit and surrender our lives for the establishme