Anti Death Penalty Essay - 1721 Words

Disasters in Death Introduction I. Roosevelt Collins, a black man in Alabama, was convicted of rape, sentenced to death, and executed in 1937. Roosevelt testified that the â€Å"victim† who was white had consented to sex, which caused a near-riot in the courtroom. The all-white jury deliberated for only FOUR minutes. Later interviews with several jurors revealed that although they believed the act was consensual, they also thought that he deserved death simply for â€Å"messin’ around† with a white woman. Even the judge, off the record, admitted his belief that Roosevelt was telling the truth, QUOTE: â€Å"An innocent man went to his death.† Horace Dunkins was executed on July 17, 1989. His attorney never told the jury he was mentally retarded, with†¦show more content†¦ii. Data: When an execution is, in fact, carried out it will cost an additional 2.5 to 3 million dollars per execution. iii. Data: There are currently 3,061 inmates waiting to be e xecuted, which will cost approximately $9.1 billion while giving them life imprisonment without the possibility of parole would cost $3 billion. b. Supporting Point: The death penalty brings with it many issues of morality. i. Data: As it is put on the homepage of nodeathpenalty.org in an article entitled â€Å"Campaign to end the Death Penalty,† it is cruel and unusual punishment to put someone to death. c. Supporting Point: Innocent people are getting lost in the turmoil. i. Data: Also on the deathpenalty.org website in a page entitled, â€Å"Death Penalty Focus,† it states that 23 innocent people have been unjustly put to death for crimes they did not commit. ii. Data: On the sociology website of NI University, it is stated that a man named Sie Dawson was put to death and then later discovered to be innocent. Transition: Chandra has just described a few of the major problems with the Death Penalty including the inexcusable wrongful executions that have and will take place. In fact, just this Sunday night on the news show Dateline on NBC, they did a report on the release of a death row inmate.Show MoreRelated Anti-Death Penalty Essay2191 Words   |  9 PagesAnti-Death Penalty History: The death penalty is not a new idea in our world. Its origins date back 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes (Kronenwetter p.10). It was also greatly used in the Greek and Roman empires. In ancient Roman and Mosaic Law they believed in the rule of â€Å"eye for and eye.† The most famous executions of the past included Socrates and Jesus (Wilson p.13). It continued into England during the Middle Ages and thenRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty: Capital Punishment and Violent Crime1570 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percentRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay667 Words   |  3 Pagesto the New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highlyRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 PagesDeath Penalty - Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is noRead MoreEssay about Michael Levins the Case for Torture (Review)2182 Words   |  9 Pagesdoes not explain how somebody would go about finding this person wherever he is hiding? Levin also has a very weak spot in explaining the situation because when he speaks of the bomber, he says â€Å"Preferring death to failure - Won’t disclose where the bomb is.†(201). Saying to readers he prefers death to failure would logically mean that, even if tortured, the man is still not going to disclose the information because he would rather die than failing his mission in receiving his needs. The second situationsRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesscenario is not to different from the horrible acts of violence that lead an offender to death row where today some 3,500 people are awaiting the ultimate punishment. The topic of capital punishment is, and has been a sensitive issue. Debates over the capital punishment are centered on the morality of taking a human life. Questions on whether or not our justice system is capable of sentencing a person to death on accurate evidence. Civil rights groups are even involved claiming that races and financialRead MoreThe Execution of Death Penalty1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Penalty Introduction As of 2010, thirty-four States have some form of Death Penalty, while twelve States plus the District of Columbia have no Death Penalty. The number of Death Penalty executions from 1977 2010 by color-coded States follows: (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The basic dispute involving the Death Penalty is whether or not it should be abolished. This dispute has raged for decades in the United States and people on both sides of the debate appear toRead More Pro Death Penalty Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment and the practice of the death penalty is an issue that is passionately debated in the United States. Opponents of the death penalty claim that capital punishment is unnecessary since a life sentence accomplishes the same objective. What death penalty opponents neglect to tell you is that convicted murders and child rapists escape from prison every year(List of prison escapes, 2015). As I write this essay, police are searching for two convicted murders who escaped from the ClintonRead MoreResearch Proposal Argument Paper1397 Words   |  6 Pagesit’s the death penalty. We all know the controversy that surrounds the death penalty. Some are for the death penalty and some are against it. Then you have the few that are still on the fence, and just tend to go with the flow of things. We’re going to discuss the pros and the anti of the death penalty. Let’s start with the anti. â€Å"By 2004, 118 countries had abolished the death penalty in law or practice; we will examine 5 reasons why the death penalty was abolished†. 1) The death penalty is a cruelRead MoreThe Debate Over Death Penalty1618 Words   |  7 PagesReiner Writing 39C 7/20/16 Debates over Death Penalty in the United States The issue of death penalty today is a popular topic for numerous public and scholarly discussions. The death penalty has a long and distinguished history in the United States, as it has been around in some form—either official or otherwise—since the beginning of American society. America originally adopted the British justice system, with hundreds of crimes being punishable by death. Slowly but surely, states began to eliminate

The Treaty Of Versailles, By Georges Clemenceau, And...

The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the systematic murder between 1933 and 1945 of more than six million Jews. It occurred because of anti-Semitism, and its intention was to eliminate the â€Å"inferior race.† â€Å"Neighboring Poland - The First Target: ‘All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles’† (Himmler 1). This quote from Himmler states that all people of Polish descent should be obliterated, including Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Gypsies/Romas, mentally ill, physically disabled, and homosexuals. The Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Republic, and Hitler’s rise to power all contributed to the causes of the Holocaust. David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson’s negotiations and arguments on how to control Germany created what is now known as the Treaty of Versailles. It was a peace settlement with many conditions. The limit to Germany’s army was to be 100,000 men of all ranks. No air force, submarines, or artillery pieces were allowed, with the exception of six capital naval ships. Austria and Germany were forbidden to unite. The League of Nations were to be handed all overseas colonies from Germany. All of the land taken away from Russia was to be returned. Belgium, France, Denmark, and Poland were to be given land. The â€Å"War Guilt Clause† said that Germany was to take full responsibility for causing World War One. Also included were the damages from the war.Show MoreRelatedThe Treaty of Versailles Was the Most Pleasing to Woodrow Wilson or George Clemenceau?1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles Was the Most Pleasing to Woodrow Wilson or Geo rge Clemenceau? After the First World War a treaty had to be made to punish Germany for their actions. This had to be done as Germany had lost the war and had signed the Armistice on the 11th November 1918. The German peoples were hungry, war weary and demanded peace. The Paris peace conferences job was to write the Treaty of Versailles. Britain, America and France all had representatives at this meeting;Read MoreWorld War 1 Peace Conference1094 Words   |  5 Pagestook charge called ‘The Big Three’ and they were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain and George Clemenceau of France. The Conference was initially planned as a pre-meeting to set the terms of what they were going to ask from Germany, but the pre-meeting quickly became the meeting where the decisions were made because they each had different ideas about what the terms of the treaty should be. â€Å"The Big Three† During the Paris peaceRead MoreThe End Of The War819 Words   |  4 Pagesof this, one of the most important and grueling treaty with Germany was signed. After war soon came bargaining of a treaty meant to end all wars. The bargaining started early 1919’s and was completed in April. The treaty of Versailles was divided into 15 sections including the covenant League of Nations being one of the most important and controversial sections of the treaty. Approximately a month after bargaining was over the Treaty of Versailles was presented to Germany for â€Å"consideration†. Read MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactionsRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles and Establishment of Peace Essay example776 Words   |  4 PagesThe Treaty Of Versailles and Establishment of Peace The Treaty Of Versailles established an uneasy peace. I will prove this by looking at such factors as The Big Threes lust for revenge on the Germans, the four major problems encountered when composing the treaty, the final terms of the treaty and the Germans anger at it. The Big Three were three powerful leaders from three powerful nations. They would be Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George, ofRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And Its Effect On The World War I1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty signed between Germany and the Allies which consisted of Britain, France and America. The idea of the Treaty was to end World War one and Germany would be too weak to start another war. This meant that there would be peace throughout Europe for a long time but it was controversial at best. It was signed in the Versailles palace which was large enough for hundreds of people to be involved in the signing on 28th of June 1919. GermanyRead MoreThe End Of The War1052 Words   |  5 Pagesmost important treaties of the 20th. Century would lead to WWII and contribute to the Cold War. History has shown that the words of French General, Ferdinand Foch, This is not a peace. It is an armistice for twenty years,† rang true. The armistice was signed November 11, 1918 at 11 p.m. Soon after the armistice came the bargaining of a treaty meant to end all wars (The Treaty of Versailles). The bargaining started in early 1919 and was completed in late April. The Treaty of Versailles was dividedRead MoreThe War Of Versailles Between The Allies And Germany861 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious treaties drawn up and new countries and organisations were created, the decisions made between January and June 1919 were the most important. This demonstration of power, debate and decision making had never been seen before nor would it be seen ever again. The treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles between the Allies and Germany. The three most important politicians there were David Lloyd George representing Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau for France and Woodrow Wilson, presidentRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1279 Words   |  6 PagesOn June 28th, 2015 the peace treaty that finished World War I was agreed upon b y Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. The main three Allies showed their interest: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier George Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. The Great War had crushed Europe. Limitless territories of north-western Europe were diminished to almost nothing; French and Belgian towns and towns had vanished from the map without any trace of existenceRead MoreEssay Could the Treaty of Versailles Be Justified at the Time?1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles was created to ensure a lasting peace, and to reward the victors of the war; however, was it justified? The Treaty of Versailles was a peace settlement designed by the Allied leaders, the Big Three- Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States. Clemenceau wanted Germany to be punished. He had seen his country invaded, large parts of its industry destroyed and millions of its

Keats, Shelley , Coleridge free essay sample

Member of the Second generation of Romantic poets who blossomed early and died young. He is Romantic in his relish of sensation, his feeling for the Middle Ages, his love for the Greek civilization and his conception of the writer. He was able to fuse the romantic passion and the cold Neo-classicism, just as Ugo Foscolo did in â€Å"LE GRAZIE† and in â€Å"I SEPOLCRI†. * He was born in London; he attended a private school in Enfield; he attended also at the early deaths of his father (killed in a riding accident), his mother and his brother (of tuberculosis). He became a surgeon but six years later he decided to leave the profession and announced in the sonnet â€Å"ON FIRST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN’S HOMER† his decision to devote his life to writing verse . * His mother and brother died because of TB and his ever-frail health deteriorated rapidly following a walking tour to the Highlands (Scotland). * He fell in love with Fanny Brawne but poverty and his bad health made marriage impossible. * The symptoms of consumption became evident; in 1820 he travelled to Italy in an effort to recover his health but died in Rome of tuberculosis in 1821. He was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Rome. * There is some deeply felt personal experience behind the ODES of 1819, but the significant fact is that this experience is â€Å"behind† the odes, not their substance. * The poetical personal pronoun â€Å"I† does not stand for a human being linked to the events of his time, but for a universal one. * He remarks: â€Å"Scenery is fine, but human nature is finer† The common Romantic tendency to identify scenes and landscapes with subjective moods and emotions is rarely present in his poetry It has nothing of the Wordsworth pantheistic conviction, and no sense of mystery. He’s a Romantic poet thanks to his belief in the supreme value of imagination. IMAGINATION: the world of his poetry is predominantly artificial (one that he imagines); his poetry comes from imagination in sense that a great deal of his work is a vision of what he would like human life to be, stimulated by his own experience of pain and m isery. * BEAUTY: What strikes his imagination most is beauty; he feels a disinterested love for beauty that differentiates him from the other Romantic writers (â€Å"Art for Art’s sake†). The contemplation of beauty is the central theme in Keats’s poetry. It is mainly the Classical Greek world that inspires Keats. The expression of beauty is the ideal of all art. The world of Greek beliefs lives again in his verse, recreated and re-interpreted with the eyes of a Romantic. His first contact with beauty proceeds from the senses, from the concrete physical sensations. All the senses, as in Wordsworth’s poetry, are involved in this process. This â€Å"physical beauty† is caught in all the forms nature acquires; but beauty can also produce a much deeper experience of joy, which introduces a sort of â€Å"spiritual beauty† that is one of love, friendship and poetry. Keats indentifies BEAUTY and TRUTH as the only type of knowledge, as he affirms in the two last lines of â€Å"ODE ON A GRECIAN URN†. MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851) * Her parents had been heavily influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution and were part of a small radical group. * Her child house (Godwin’s) was visited by some of the most famous writers of the day, like the Romantic poets Samuel Coleridge and Percy Bysshe Shelley. * Shelley was immediately attracted by the young Mary Godwin; in 1814 the couple fled to France and later they decided to rent a country house on the banks of Lake Geneva near Villa Diodati. It was there that the writing of â€Å"FRANKENSTEIN† took place. * In 1816 Mary Shelley began to write her famous novel, which was published anonymously in 1818. * In 1822 the Shelleys moved to Lerici, Percy died in a storm; Mary returned to England in 1823 where she died. * â€Å"FRANKESTEIN† A Swiss scientist, manages to create a human being by joining parts selected from dead corpses. The result of the experiment is ugly and revolting; the creation become an outcast and a wicked, he becomes cruel because he is not accepted by society; afterwards the Monster becomes a murderer and in the end he destroys his creator. The story is not told chronologically and is introduced to us by a series of letters written by Walton, a young explorer on a voyage of expedition to the North Pole who saved Frankestein, to his sister, Margaret Saville. Walton is an explorer of the upper classes; indeed he has got money to travel the world. The social class of Frankenstein in the same of Wlaton’s. * INFLUENCES OF â€Å"FRANKENSTEIN† 1. The monster can be considered Rousseau’s natural man, that is a man in a primitive state, not influenced by civilization; 2. The ghost stories read at Villa Diodati provided an immediate stimulus even if â€Å"Frankenstein† differs from the Gothic tradition, since it is not set in a dark castle and does not deal with supernatural events; 3. Another important influence was the work of the Romantic poets in general (Byron), the most meaningful element she derived from Coleridge’s â€Å"RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER† is the fact that both Coleridge’s ballad and Mary Shlley’s novel are tales of a crime against nature: Frankenstein’s creation of the monster and the Mariner’s shooting of the albatross; 4. The myth of Prometheus is also important: Prometheus in Greek mythology was a giant who stole the fire from Gods in order to give it to men, In so doing, he challenged the divine authority and freed men from Gods’ power. He is a clear example of an overreacher, just like Dr Frankenstein and Walton; 5. Mary dedicated her novel to Godwin and used many of the ideas held by her parents including social justice and education. She clearly sympathizes with the monster but she is afraid of the consequences of his actions. In this there is the tension between fear of revolution and interest in the revolutionary ideas, two attitudes which were characteristic of English intellectuals; 6. Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary were interested in science and particularly chemistry. She was aware of the latest scientific theories and experiments of the day in the fields of chemistry, evolutionism and electricity. The protagonist of the novel is the first embodiment and its responsibility to mankind. In fact Frankenstein tries to create a human being through the use of electricity and chemistry without respecting the rules of nature as far as creation and life are concerned; 7. The memories of Mary’s sense of loss at the death of her own mother (first feminist). * The novel is told by three different narrators: 1. Walton that informs his sister, whose initials are the same as those of Mary Shelley, MS, that is Margaret Saville; 2. Frankenstein informs Walton, who informs his sister; 3. The monster who informs Frankenstein, who informs Walton, who informs his sister. All the novel has Walton’s sister as receiver, but presents three different points of view. The form of the novel is epistolary; perhaps the writer wanted to disguise her own voice as a woman by hiding behind three male narrators. * THEMES 1. The quest for forbidden knowledge Human beings have the same God’s knowledge: ability to create new lives. 2. The overreacher (Walton, Doctor Frankenstein, Prometheus) 3. The double (Doctor Frankenstein and the monster, Doctor Frankenstein and Walton), anticipates the double identity of â€Å"DOCTOR JEKYLL AND MR HYDE† by Robert Louis Stevenson 4. The penetration of nature’s secrets, which is related to the theme of the overreacher 5. The usurpation of the female role, since the creation of human beings becomes possible without the participation of women 6. Social prejudices through the figure of the monster as an outcast * DOUBLE Walton is a double of Frankenstein since he manifests the same ambition, the wish to overcome human limits (Prometheus myth) in his traveling towards the unknown, and the same wish for loneliness and pride of being different. Frankenstein and his creature are complementary: they both suffer from a sense of alienation and isolation, both begin with a desire to be good but become obsessed with hate and revenge. The creature stands for the scientist’s negative self. One sure sign of the double is the creation’s haunting presence: even if Frankenstein initially flees from his creature and even if their direct confrontations are few, the monster is constantly present in his life. His rejection of his creature is crucial and this makes the monster an outcast, a murderer and a rebel against society. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834) * He attended the Christ’s Hospital School in London; then Cambridge, where he never graduated. * He and the poet Robert Southey planned to establish an utopian community in Pennsylvania under the name of Pantisocracy, where private ownership did not exist and every economic activity was done in common This project came to nothing in the end. * He suffered from chronic rheumatism, consequently the doctors prescribed him opium to ease his bodily pains and he developed a growing addiction to this drug. Most of his poems are probably written under the effect of opium (Visionary poems). * In 1797, he met the poet William Words worth and settled in Somerset, where an important collaboration started. Most of his best poetry belongs to these years. * In 1799, he joined Wordsworth and his sister in the Lake District. He then spent a period of solitude in Malta, after which he returned to England and began a career lecturing in literary concerns and in journalism. * He settled in London where he produced â€Å"BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA† (1817), a classical text of literary criticism and autobiography. Here he explained the dual task which he and Wordsworth had set themselves in the â€Å"LYRICAL BALLADS†: in contrast to Wordsworth’s subjects from ordinary life, his own task was to write about extraordinary events in a credible way. * IMAGINATION He stressed the role of imagination: he distinguished between â€Å"primary imagination† and â€Å"secondary imagination†. He described â€Å"PRIMARY IMAGINATION† as a fusion of perception and the human individual power to produce images; this human power was also the power to give chaos an certain order to give the material of perception a certain shape. SECONDARY IMAGINATION† was something more, it was the poetic faculty, which not only gave shape and order to a given world, but built new worlds. * FANCY Imagination was more important than fancy, which, though on a higher level than mere perception, was based on the power of association of material already provided and subject to the rational law of judgement. * NATURE Unlike Wordsworth, Coleridge did not view nature as a moral guide or a source of consolation and happiness. His contemplation of nature was always accompanied by awareness of the presence of the ideal in the real. His strong Christian faith, however, did not allow him to identify nature with the divine, in that form of pantheism which Wordsworth adopted. He rather saw nature and the material world in a sort of neo Platonic interpretation, as the reflection of the perfect world of ideas. The material world is nothing but the projection of the real world of Ideas on the flux of time Coleridge believed that natural images carried abstract meaning and he used them in his most visionary poems. * â€Å"THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER† It is the masterpiece of Coleridge, written in 1798; it is the first poem of the collection LYRICAL BALLADS, that became, along with the Preface â€Å"A CERTAIN COLOURING OF IMAGINATION† by Wordsworth to its second edition, the Manifesto of the English Romantic movement. This ballad is made up of seven parts; it is introduced by an â€Å"Argument† containing a short summary of the whole poem an consists of two narratives: one is made up of captions to the right of the stanzas, which constitute the framework and introduce the protagonist and his listener; the other is the poem itself. In the first part the ancient Mariner stops a wedding guest to tell him his dreadful tale. He narrates of how he and his fellow mariners reached the equator and the North Pole after a violent storm. After several days an albatross appeared through the fog and was killed by the Mariner. Coleridge does not say why the Mariner kills the albatross and what matters is precisely the uncertainty of the Mariner’s motives which suggests the essential irrationality of the crime. The crime is against nature and breaks a sacred law. In the second part, the Mariner begins to suffer punishment for what he has done, and Coleridge transfers to the physical world the corruption and the helplessness which are the common attributes of guilt. The world which faces the Mariner after his crime is dead and terrible; the ship has ceased to move and the sailors are tortured by first, and the only moving things are sliming creatures in the sea at night. The third part shows how the Mariner’s guilty soul becomes conscious of what he has done and of his isolation in the world. A phantom ship closer to the doomed crew and is identified as a skeleton ship. On board Death and Life in death cast dice; the former wins the Mariner’s fellows, who all die starved, and the latter wins the Mariner’s life. In the fourth part this sense of solitude is stressed. Then the Mariner, unaware, blesses the water snakes and begins to reestablish a relationship with the world of nature. The fifth part continues the process of the soul’s revival. The ship begins to move and celestial spirits stand by the corpses of the dead men. In the sixth part, the process of healing seems to be done. In the last stanzas of the seventh part the Mariner gains the wedding guest’s sympathy. Coleridge does not tell the end of the story, but lets the reader suppose that the Mariner’s sense of guilt will end only with his death. * ATMOSPHERE AND CHARACTERS The atmosphere of the whole poem is charged with irresistible mystery because of the combination of the supernatural (old mariner, ghost ship, skeletons, albatross) and the commonplace (storm, voyage, places, ice), dream-like elements and astonishing visual realism. The Mariner and his comrades are more types than human beings and their agonies are simply universally human. The Mariner does not speak as a moral agent, he is passive in guilt and remorse. From his paralysis of conscience the Mariner succeeds in gaining his authority, though he pays for by remaining in the condition of an outcast. Coleridge makes him spectator as well as actor in the drama, so that he can recount even his worst terrors with the calm of lucid retrospection. * TRADITIONAL BALLAD This poem contains many of the features traditionally associated with ballads, that is: the combination of dialogue and narration; the four-line stanzas; the archaic language, rich in alliterations, repetitions and onomatopoeias; the theme of travel and wandering and supernatural elements. But the presence of a moral at the end makes it a romantic ballad. BALLAD: narrative poem, fixed form, easily memoraisable, with a refrain like a song, because the ballads were to pass orally and to accompanied by music. * The Mariner is freed from his sins when he bless all the creatures of the world, but he is punished going land to land to advertise people to do not what he did: crime against nature. * The ancient mariner was punished to bring around his neck the dead albatross. *

Parent Essay Example For Students

Parent Essay Child BondingThesis: Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult,but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow ofconcern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the firstmonths and years of life. I. The importance of bonding or attachment in anindividuals life. A. Friend acquaintances B. A mother-child attachment 1. Thepower and importance of such a bond 2. How it paves the way for futureattachments II. The elements that are important to a mother-child bond. A. TouchB. Eye-to-Eye contact, voice and entertainment C. Odor among other things III. Bonding as it relates to breastfeeding A. The importance of breastfeeding to thebond development IV. Bonding and the hyperactive child A. The impact of bondingon hyperactivity B. Dealing with hyperactivity 1. Its believed origin V. Bondingand Divorce The problem associated with divorce as it relates to Children andthe bond between both parents In each persons life much of the joy and sorrowrevolves around attachments or affectionate relationships making them,breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Amongall of these bonds as a special bond the type a mother or father forms withhis or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between ababy and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by aone-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have caredduring the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his bookA Baby in the Family: Loving and Being loved, individuals may have fro m threehundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one timethere are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. Heexplains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from theseclose relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadreof close friends (Robertson 1). A mother?s love is a crude offering, andaccording to Kennell and Klaus. In heir book Parent-Infant Bonding, there is apossessiveness in it, theres appetite in it. There is also a Drat theKid element in it, theres generosity in it, theres power in it, as wellas humility. However sentimentality is outside of it altogether and is repugnantto mothers (Kennell and Klaus 1). Some argue that attachment is one qualitativefeature of the emotional tie to the partner. The operationalization of theconstruct (attachment) to determine the presence or absence has to be done bysom e measure of the interaction between partners, and Joe Mercer in MothersResponses to their infants with defects says: The mothers either respond to herinfant?s cries with affectionate behaviors and evokes the infantsinteracting to suggest the infant is a central part of her life, or she does. The infant either shows preferential responses to the mother, responds to herverbal and tactile stimulation, or does not. (Mercer 17). He further goes on toexplain that it is easier for the infant to say the tie to the mother is absent,but the psychological complexity of adults make it far more difficult to say amother has no bond to her infant (Mercer 19). Attachment is crucial to thesurvival and development of the infant. Kenneth and Klaus points out that theparents bond to their child may be the strongest of all human ties (Kennell andKlaus 3). This relationship has two unique characteristics. First, before birthone individual infant gestates within a part of the mother body and second,after birth she ensures his survival while he is utterly dependent on her anduntil he becomes a separate individual. According to Mercer, the power of thisattachment is so great that it enables the mother and father to make the unusualsacrifices necessary for the care of their infant. Day after day, night afternight; changing diapers, attending to cries, protecting the child from danger,and giving feed in the middle of the night despite their desperate need to sleep(Mercer 22). It is important to note that this original parent-infant tie is themajor source for all of the infant?s subsequent attachment and is theformative relationship in the course of which the child develops a sense ofhimself. Throughout his lifetime the strength and character of this attachmentwill influence the quality of all future ties to other individuals. The questionis asked, What is the normal process by which a father and mother becomeattached to a healthy infant? Well, since the human infant is whollydependent on his mother or caregiver to meet all his physical and emotionalneeds the strength and durability of the attachment may well determine whetheror not he will survive and develop optimally. Experimental data suggest that thepast experiences of the mother are a major determinant in molding hercar e-giving role. Children use adults, especially loved and powerful adults, asmodels for their own behavior. Children development literature states that thepowerful process of imitation or modeling socially inclines children. Kennelland Klaus explain that unless adults consciously and painstakingly reexaminethese learned behaviors, they will unconsciously repeat them when they becomeparents (Kennell and Klaus 11). Thus the way a woman was raised, which includesthe practices of her culture and the individual idiosyncrasies of her ownmothers child raising practices greatly influences her behavior toward her woninfant. Bob Brazelton in The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment says that, Itmay seem to many that attachment to a small baby will come naturally and to maketoo much of it could be a mistake but there are many, many women who have adifficult time making this adjustment(Brazelton 10). He points out that wemust understand the ingredients of attachment in order to help, because eachmothe r-child dyad is unique and has individual needs of its own (Brazelton 12). Teenage Pregnancy EssayShe explains that parents need to understand that their bonding should not bedissolve after 2,3,5 or even 10 years, it is something that should last alifetime and be taken into consideration at every bend along the long and dreadpathway of life (Berman 21). According to Susan Meyers in her book Who Will Takethe Children? makes it clear that no one factor can be held responsible forshaping the kind of person one becomes or the ways in which an individual tendsto look at things (Meyers 30). She further explains that many elements impactupon peoples lives, from the genes we inherit to the families we are born intoand the communities in which the child grows up (Meyers 31). As pointed out byBerman, Divorce is one of the worst things that can happen between parentsduring the early years of a child?s life, not only can divorce break allthe bonds which were previously established, but is something that can leave thechildren with lots of baggage.(Meyers 30) Berman la ter points out thatwhen children learn that a vow or bond can be broken (and divorce writes the endto the marital vow), they face life with uncertainty. When they do not receivethe nurturing that?s needed, they are likely to enter into healthyrelationships (Berman 35). Berman states the case of a thirty-four-year-oldwoman whose parents divorced when she was thirteen. The woman asks, whenyour parents betray you and break the bond between them and their child, thenwho do you trust? Is it a rhetorical question? She goes on to explain,for years I had the feeling that everyone was out to get me. It took me along time to trust anyone. (Berman 36) Maybe now people (parents) willcome to realize that bonding does not only refer to mutual affection between ababy and an adult. But it is the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by aone-way flow of concern and affection for whom they have cared during the firstmonths and years of life. BibliographyBerman, Claire. Adult Children of Divorce Speak Out. New York: Simon andSchuster, 1991. Brazelton, Bob. The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment. Amsterdam:Elsevier Publishing Co. 1973. Kennell, John and Marshall Klaus. Parent-InfantBonding. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1976. Macfarlene, Rolland. TheRelationship between Mother Neonate. New York: Oxford University Press,1978. Mercer, Joe. Mothers Response to Their Infants with Defects. New York:Charles B. Slack Inc., 1974. Meyers, Susan. Who Will Take the Children?Indianapolis/New York: Bobbe-Mervil, 1983. Oaklander, Violet. Windows to ourChildren. Utah: Real People- Press, 1978. Robertson, J. A Baby in the Family:Loving and being loved. London: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1982. Stewart, Mark A. Raising a Hyperactive Child. London: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.

Progress of Human Development in India free essay sample

Therefore, large –scale investments in human resources are needed under public sector if physical capital available is to be exploited in a more efficient way. Human development index of India has improved from 0. 515 in 1990 to 0. 611 in 2004, but India still has miles to go before she can enter the group of high human development countries. The process of development has to accelerate the pace of human development. In this paper an attempt is made to highlight some of the factors which promotes human development. 1. INTRODUCTION Human development report 1990, has defined human development ‘as the process of enlarging people’s choices’. The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living. Additional choices include political freedom, other guaranteed human rights and various ingredients of self respect. Human development is thus a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well-being achieved (UNDP 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Progress of Human Development in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The concept of human development puts people back at center stage, after decades in which a maze of technical concepts had obscured this fundamental vision (Paul Streeten 1996). â€Å"Income clearly is only one option that people would like to have, though an important one. But it is not the sum total of their lives. Income is also a means, with human development the end (UNDP 1997). Economic growth contributes most to poverty reduction when it expands the employment, productivity and wages of poor people and when public resources are channeled to promoting human development. A virtuous cycle of economic growth and human development arises when growth is labour using and employment generating and when human skills and health improve rapidly. The defining difference between the economic growth and the human develop- ment schools is that the first focuses exclusively on the expansion of only one choice – income – while the second embraces the enlargement of all human choices- whether economic, social, cultural or political (Mahbub-ul-Haq 1996). Haq rightly warns† unless societies recognize that their real wealth is their people, an excessive obsession with creating material wealth can obscure the goal of enriching human life. † The world Bank (IBRD 2006) is used GNI per capita to classify the economies by income per capita and by region: Low- income $ 825 or less in 2004: middle income, $ 826 to $ 10, 665; and high income, $ 10, 066 and above. A further division at GNI per capita $ 3, 255 is made between lowerTable 1: GNP per capit a and PPP estimates of GNP per capita in U. S dollars (2004) (in U. S $) Country Norway Switzerland United states United kingdom Australia China Srilanka India Bangladesh Kenya Niger GNP per capita 52030 48230 41400 33940 26900 1290 1010 620 440 460 230 PPP estimates of GNP per capita 38550 35370 39710 31460 29200 5530 4000 3100 1980 1050 830 Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2006. 14 middle – income and upper- middle – income economies. It Can be concluded from the table 1 that while GNP per capita in India was only $ 620 in 2004 as against $ 41,400 in USA, the PPP estimate of GNP per capita in India was $ 3100 against $ 39710 in USA (which is the standard for comparison) in 004. If we use PPP estimates of GNP per capita, we find that income inequalities between the High, middle and lower income economies are some what lower than those we observe on the basis of exchange rates as conversion factors. Human development report states (UNDP 2006) that millions of the world’s people lack access to safe water not because of scarcity, but because they are locked out by poverty, inequality and government failures. Tackling these problems holds the key to resolving the global water crisis. Safe water and sanitation are fundamental to human development. When people are deprived in these areas they face diminished opportunities to realize their potential as human beings. Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation are two of the great drivers of world poverty and inequality. They claim millions of lives, destroy livelihoods, compromise dignity and diminish prospects for economic growth. Poor people especially poor women and children, bear the brunt of the human costs. At the start of the 21st century we live in a world of unparalleled prosperity. Yet almost 2 million children die each year for want of clean water and toilet. More than 1 billion people do not have access to safe water and some 2. 6 billion lack adequate sanitation. Mean while, inadequate access to water as a productive resource consigns millions to lives of poverty and vulnerability. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Various human development indices of UNDP and HDI and its trends for selected countries have been discussed in Section ii. Comparison of human development indices for some selected countries and HDI trends among selected states are discussed in Section iii. The progress of human development in India is discussed in Section iv. Section v presents concluding observations. II. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The search for an alternative to GNP as a measure of economic development has led to the T. KOTI REDDY computation of the Human Development Index (HDI). The United Nations development programme (UNDP) introduced the HD1 in its first Human development report prepared under the able stewardship of Mahbub ul Haq, and published in 1990. The measure has been enlarged and refined over the years and many related indices of human development like Gender- Related development Index (GDI), Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Human poverty index (HPI) have been developed in subsequent human development reports published annually by UNDP. Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development (UNDP 2006). A long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth  · Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two – thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one- third weight)  · A decent standard of living as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity terms (ppp) in US dollars. Gender – Related Development Index (GDI) While the HDI measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women in the following dimensions (UNDP 2006)  · A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio.  · A decent standard of living as measured by estimated earned income (PPP US $) Human Poverty Index for Developing Countries (Hpi-1) While the HDI measures average achievement, the HPI-1 measures deprivations in the three basic dimensions of human development captured in the HDI (UNDP 2006)  · A long and healthy life- vulnerability to death at a relatively early age, as measured by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40. PROGRESS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 15 development report 2006 calculated the index. India which was at No. 138 in HDI in 1994 has improved its position to 126 in 2004 (Table 2). It is observed that the HDI trends for selected countries over the last 15 years (1990 – 2004) reveals that all countries are making efforts in varying degrees to improve their human development indices. If the trend is maintained, several medium HDI countries will enter the high HDI group and several low HDI countries will join the medium HDI range. This is a welcome development. India has improved its HDI index value from 0. 510 in 1990 to 0. 611 in 2004 (Table 3). It is observed that near gender equality exists in Norway, Iceland, Australia, United States, New Zealand, Russian Federation, China and Sri Lanka. There is a greater awareness in the world about gender inequality and efforts are being made to reduce gender inequality by promoting the education of females and giving them a better status in the family (Table 4). It is observed from the table 5 that HDI varies between 0. 38 for Kerala and 0. 367 for Bihar in 2001 while Kerala can be ranked as a medium HDI state; Bihar presents a dismal value of HDI even  · Knowledge – exclusion from the world of reading and communications as measured by the adult literacy rate.  · A decent standard of living – lack of access to overall economic provisioning, as measured by the unweighted average of two indicators, the percentage of the population without sustainable a ccess to an improved water source and the percentage of children under weight for age.

Liberia - This is a story about a Jamaican girl that lived in New York and returns to Jamaica to find out that she cannot fit in or understand the culture around her.

Liberia - This is a story about a Jamaican girl that lived in New York and returns to Jamaica to find out that she cannot fit in or understand the culture around her. "I do not want to punish you on a Monday morning," warned Mr. Singh.The chattering of the girl students in the vast hall, stopped abruptly. They all watched him attentively and listened routinely as if he was a divine nature and a state of royalty. He was standing in the middle of the hefty stage. Behind him were elevated closed curtains of the stage. He was a short hunched-back man, on his face showed the start of being aged. He wore a white blouse and dark pants at all times he was seen at the school. He was a man of many words. A man of ignorance Liberia thought.He began to talk again."You have no respect for god. You come into this holy hall for the sake of worshipping god and this is how you behave?"He shifted on the stage and began to point indirectly while he talked.These students in Bong County, Liberia, study by c..."If you come into this cathedral and continue to talk among yourselves, something must awfully be wrong with you. Something," he emphasized, "must really be wron g with you. You have no respect for god at all."There was continued deafening silence. Liberia, could hear the steady heartbeats of the girls, while Mr. Singh continued talking.Liberia began to close her eyes. She wanted to wish all of this away. She wanted to relinquish her soul and open the people's eyes to the truth that will set them free from this spiritual confinement.Every word he spoke, she thought, targeting those girls as imperfect humans. She felt the oppressive atmosphere weighing down on her shoulders all over her physical and mental being. She shook in a rhythm as if silently pushing away the mentally oppressive hands from her shoulders."You come here now!""Yes you!"A girl emerged slowly from the long...

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Based on this analysis, the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are determined. The next step in business strategy is to make a customer analysis. This would reveal the changes and tastes and preferences of customers. It would also reveal the changing demographics which would consequently determine the company’s strategies. It would also reveal the customer’s perceptions regarding the services of the company. The customer analysis would determine the price strategies for the company. The competitive analysis would provide insight into the competitors’ weaknesses and strengths. Firms practicing an advanced and systematic competitive profiling remain at an advantage of knowing the competitor’s background, products, finances, facilities, products, markets and strategies. This would give an idea of the expected moves that the competitors would take. Based on this, the company would design its own strategies to have an extra edge o ver its customers. An internal analysis makes an analysis of the internal environment for the formulation of appropriate strategies. In this regard, the value chain analysis gives highlights on the main and the supportive activities which would add value to the company. The resource based view analyses the competencies and resources of the firm. The firm’s performance would depend on the distinctive capabilities. The company must also make a thorough analysis of its financial position. This allows proper management and reduction of costs associated. It is seen that the operating costs of British Airlines have increased steadily with the rise in fuel prices (BBC News-a, 2011). Financial assessments would also allow the company to undertake other cost cutting strategies like employee downsizing, compensation structure of employees, or other operations costs. The financial position would determine whether the company would be to withstand sudden shocks and the measures to be tak en during such times. Answer to question 2: The British Airways considers the importance of working closely with stakeholders. It is important to make the stakeholder’s analysis to ensure their interests are met. More so because the organisation’ policies and actions affect the people who have direct stake in the company. It is also important that they provide their views, opinions and suggestions which would allow giving shape to the organisation fight from the stage of infancy. The existence of powerful stakeholders provides support for the company. This allows greater possibility of attainment of success for the company. The first step in stakeholder’s analysis would be to identify the key stakeholders as well as the business interest associated with them. For example, the British Airways’ approach towards the implementation of corporate social responsibility is influenced by the fact that the airline generates major economic and social benefits. At th e same time it also has significant environmental impacts and on the communities surrounding the airport (CBI, 2006, p.1). Following this, the company would

Road Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Road Pricing - Essay Example This cleary indicates that there has been hinderance in traffic flow due to traffic congestion and these cases present externalities which must be avoided by using road pricing to reduce the number of cars on road by charging them a flat-fee in the form of road pricing. According to a source that major traffic jams occur in Central London at around 7:30 am in the morning and then 6:30 pm in the evening. Those eligible to pay were around 150,000 people who used the road every day. These charges were only levied on private vehicles. Pulic vehicles were exempted from these charges so as various other kinds of groups. However, many organisations in UK have argued over the price that is being charged. They claim that it is not the appropiate charge and is much higher than social costs that a vechile inflicts. They also support the reduction of this charge. Similarly, many people have argued that there are errors in database technology which often leads to double charging and over charging. So, in both cases if this carelessness persist it would not solve the problem of congestion but would deter people from driving even if they can afford to pay these costs. The economics behind this will that due to double charging and over charging , demand would go down to zero.

Christianity and the Secular Point of View of Gun Violence Essay

Christianity and the Secular Point of View of Gun Violence - Essay Example A political debate has also been sparked by these mass shootings over gun violence and gun control. In this perspective, the church has adopted a secular view with regard to these shootings. Drawing on the variety of literature, the paper will discuss Christianity and the secular point of view of gun violence/school shootings. Discussion The American Secret Service defines school shootings as the deliberate selection of a school as the location of the attack. The number of mass shootings and gun violence in the U.S is as rampant as the number of people living in America. According to figures from the US Department of Justice and Council on Foreign Affairs, there have been 60,000 people affected by gun violence and mass shootings in 2015 alone. As a result of the magnitude and effects of gun violence and mass shootings, the Church has adopted a secular view to the issue. Conversations about mass shootings often devolve around emotions. In the recent times, the Christians are agitating for their right to bear and own firearms. There is still debate on the effectiveness of guns used in personal defense. A survey carried out by the U.S Department of Justice placed the rate of using guns for personal defense at 1.6 million. However, this is twice the crime rates. The Christians share the view that the Bible was authored long before the gun was invented. It, however, mentions the use weapons in battles and wars. War is portrayed as something that is part of a fallen world (Mark 13:7; James 4:1).

Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern

Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern ABSTRACT: Aim: To determine the gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle in patients with horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern belonging to the local Chennai population and determine if it can be used as a growth indicator. Materials and Methods: Gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms of 90 patients 44 males and 46 females. Results A one sample T test was used to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000.  Conclusion: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern. The gonial angle and lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth. INTRODUCTION: Gonial angle is widely used in orthodontic cephalogram tracing. It is a valuable indicator to diagnose the growth pattern of patients and also determines the rotation of the mandible. The gonial angle can also be a handy tool in age assessment in extreme situations like mass disaster, remains of human dead exhumed and murderous mutilations, missing individuals, etc.[1]. The downward and backward rotation of the mandible is called as a high angle and these patients showed increased gonial angle. Contrary to this, upward and forward direction of mandible is called as a low angle and these patients showed a decrease in gonial angle.[2] Thus, it becomes one of the most important angles for determining orthodontic or surgical plans in a patient. A few studies focused on the mandibular angle, its change throughout aging, and changing relation to dental status. This study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gonial angle as an indicator for the growth pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 90 patients which includes 44 males and 46 females belonging to the local Chennai population were obtained from the patient records of the department of Orthodontics. The growth pattern were grouped into three groups namely vertical growth pattern, average growth pattern and horizontal growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The gonial angle was measured by taking the tangent to the posterior border of the ramus and tangent to the lower border of the mandible on lateral cephalogram (Fig 1). Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The gonial angle was measured on the lateral cephalometric radiograph using a mathematical protractor. The angle is recorded in degrees. FMA, gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle are measured. Frankfort mandibular plane angle is the angle formed between FHP and mandibular plane (Tweeds, 1954).[3] Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and methon. Upper Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and nasion and lower Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points nasion, gonion and meton. The cephalograms were traced on matte acetate paper with 2H pencil under double illumination. Since only angular measurements were recorded magnification was not calculated. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical evaluation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A one sample T test was done using SPSS 22 software to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. RESULTS: Table 1 and Graph 1shows the results obtained. In patients with horizontal growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for the gonial angle was 122.43 °Ã‚ ± 1.40 °(P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 66.80 °Ã‚ ±.01 ° and 55.30 °  ±0. 99 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In patients with vertical growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 °(P=0.000). Mean value for gonial angles was 130.20 °Ã‚ ±1.39 ° (P=0.000).Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 76.40 °Ã‚ ±1.39 °and 53.80 °Ã‚ ±1.15 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In the average growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for gonial angle was 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 ° (P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 °respectively (P=0.000). DISCUSSION: Evaluation of growth pattern plays a major role in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are various cephalometric parameters to evaluate growth pattern. Those commonly used are SN to mandibular plane, Frankfurt horizontal plane angle and Jarabak’s ratio. However, fault in the SN plane and Frankfurt horizontal plane can produce erroneous results in growth pattern. The Jarabak’s ratio is based on the posterior and anterior facial height and does not reflect the rotation of the mandible. In the present study the samples were grouped into horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The mean value of FMA was determined for each group and was found to be 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 °, 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° and 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 ° for horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and the values obtained were statistically significant with a P value of 0.000 and confidence interval of 95%. The gonial angle ranged from 119.5749 ° to 125.2918 ° in horizontal growers, 127.5048 ° to 132.8952 ° in vertical growers and 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 ° in average growers. The lower gonial angle range from 64.7351 ° to 68.8649 ° in patients with horizontal growth pattern, 73.5518 ° to 79.2482 ° in average growth pattern and 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° in vertical growth pattern. The upper gonial angle ranged from 53.2568 ° to 57.3432 ° in horizontal growth pattern, 51.4518 ° to 56.1482 ° in vertical growth pattern a nd 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 ° in average growth pattern. It can be seen that the upper gonial angle is almost the same in horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern. The lower gonial angle on the contrary increased in the degree of angulation from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and can be used as an indicator for assessing growth pattern. According to Rakosi,[4] the norm value for gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 128 °Ã‚ ±7 ° which was almost similar to our measurements 127.0333 °Ã‚ ±.99710 ° and ranged from 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 °. The upper gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 52 ° to 55 ° but in our sample it had a mean value of 55.1667 °Ã‚ ±1.07220 ° ranging from 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 °. The lower gonial angle in Caucasians was between 70 ° to 75 °. In the present sample the lower gonial angle ranged from 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° with a mean of 71.5333 °Ã‚ ±.90558 °. This value was less compared to the Caucasian population. CONCLUSION: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern The lower gonial angle increases from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern The lower gonial angle in the present sample is less compared to Caucasians The mean values in average growth in the local Chennai population were 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 °, 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 ° for gonial angle, lower gonial angle and upper gonial angle respectively. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000 The lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth pattern

Apache And Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

The Apache Indians of North America prospered for years throughout Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona. They were a religious society who believed in a “giver of life';. As any complex society today, The Apache had many inter-tribal differences, although the tribe as a whole was able to see through these conflicts. Women and the extended family played an important role in the society and also in the lives of young children. Groups of different extended families, called bands, often lived together and functioned democratically. The Apache also evolved as the coming of the white man changed their lives. These Indians became adept at using horses and guns, both introduced to them by the coming settlers. As with most Indian tribes in North America the lives of the Apache were destroyed as their life-blood, the buffalo were slaughtered by the whites. The Apache were forced into surrender after years of struggle. One leader, Geronimo, was especially hard for the whites to capture. After years of evading white soldiers Geronimo was taken to Florida and treated as a prisoner of war. Government sponsored assimilation saw English forced upon the Apache robbing them of their culture. In 1934 The Indian Recognition Act helped establish the Indian culture as a recognized way of life. This act gave the Apache land, which the Apache in turn used for ranching. The destruction of the Apache culture was not recoverable and saw the Apache lose much of their language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The documentary on the Apache was very well done. The Indians of North America series, produced by Chelsea House, seems to be a very well thought-out series and the film on the Apache was no exception. The film moved quickly throughout the life and times of the Apache. This film, as no surprise, is a great educational tool. I felt that the life of Geronimo, the best-known Apache throughout history, could have been examined a little more carefully. The Cherokee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of the Cherokee Indians was probably the most disturbing of any we have seen so far. The Cherokee were the most unfortunate of the North American Indian solely because the lived on the Eastern half of the United States. Their geographical location left them to be the first major tribe to come in contact with the white men. The Cherokees saw one man, Andrew Jackson, as a sole enemy. Jackson, ignoring, a treaty President Washington had signed, waged war on the Cherokee.

LAN and Network Mangements

Imagine yourself as a network administrator, responsible for a 2000 user network. This network reaches from California to New York, and some branches over seas. In this situation, anything can, and usually does go wrong, but it would be your job as a system administrator to resolve the problem with it arises as quickly as possible. The last thing you would want is for your boss to call you up, asking why you haven†t done anything to fix the 2 major systems that have been down for several hours. How do you explain to him that you didn†t even know about it? Would you even want to tell him that? So now, picture yourself in the same situation, only this time, you were using a network monitoring program. Sitting in front of a large screen displaying a map of the world, leaning back gently in your chair. A gentle warning tone sounds, and looking at your display, you see that California is now glowing a soft red in color, in place of the green glow just moments before. You select the state of California, and it zooms in for a closer look. You see a network diagram overview of all the computers your company has within California. Two systems are flashing, with an X on top of them indicating that they are experiencing problems. Tagging the two systems, you press enter, and with a flash, the screen displays all the statitics of the two systems, including anything they might have in common causing the problem. Seeing that both systems are linked to the same card of a network switch, you pick up the phone and give that branch office a call, notifying them not only that they have a problem, but how to fix it as well. Early in the days of computers, a central computer (called a mainframe) was connected to a bunch of dumb terminals using a standard copper wire. Not much thought was put into how this was done because there was only one way to do it: they ere either connected, or they weren†t. Figure 1 shows a diagram of these early systems. If something went wrong with this type of system, it was fairly easy to troubleshoot, the blame almost always fell on the mainframe system. Shortly after the introduction of Personal Computers (PC), came Local Area Networks (LANS), forever changing the way in which we look at networked systems. LANS originally consisted of just PC†s connected into groups of computers, but soon after, there came a need to connect those individual LANS together forming what is known as a Wide Area Network, or WAN, the result was a complex connection of omputers joined together using various types of interfaces and protocols. Figure 2 shows a modern day WAN. Last year, a survey of Fortune 500 companies showed that 15% of their total computer budget, 1. 6 Million dollars, was spent on network management (Rose, 115). Because of this, much attention has focused on two families of network management protocols: The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which comes from a de facto standards based background of TCP/IP communication, and the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), which derives from a de jure standards-based background associated with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) (Fisher, 183). In this report I will cover advantages and disadvantages of both Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). , as well as discuss a new protocol for the future. I will also give some good reasons supporting why I believe that SNMP is a protocol that all network SNMP is a protocol that enables a management station to configure, monitor, and receive trap (alarm) messages from network devices. (Feit, 12). It is formally specified in a series of related Request for Comment (RFC) documents, listed here. The first protocol developed was the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It was commonly considered to be a quickly designed â€Å"band-aid† solution to internetwork management difficulties while other, larger and better protocols were being designed. (Miller, 46). However, no better choice became available, and SNMP soon became the network management protocol of choice. It works very simply (as the name suggests): it exchanges network packets through messages (known as protocol data units (PDU)). The PDU contains variables that have both titles and values. There are five types of PDU†s which SNMP uses to onitor a network: two deal with reading terminal data, two with setting terminal data, and one called the trap, used for monitoring network events, such as terminal start-ups By far the largest advantage of SNMP over CMIP is that its design is simple, so it is as easy to use on a small network as well as on a large one, with ease of setup, and lack of stress on system resources. Also, the simple design makes it simple for the user to program system variables that they would like to monitor. Another major advantage to SNMP is that is in wide use today around the world. Because of it†s evelopment during a time when no other protocol of this type existed, it became very popular, and is a built in protocol supported by most major vendors of networking hardware, such as hubs, bridges, and routers, as well as majoring operating systems. It has even been put to use inside the Coca-Cola machines at Stanford University, in Palo Alto, California (Borsook, 48). Because of SNMP†s smaller size, it has even been implemented in such devices as toasters, compact disc players, and battery-operated barking dogs. In the 1990 Interop show, John Romkey, vice president of engineering or Epilogue, demonstrated that through an SNMP program running on a PC, you could control a standard toaster through a network (Miller, 57). SNMP is by no means a perfect network manager. But because of it†s simple design, these flaws can be fixed. The first problem realized by most companies is that there are some rather large security problems related with SNMP. Any decent hacker can easily access SNMP information, giving them any information about the network, and also the ability to potentially shut down systems on the network. The latest version of SNMP, called SNMPv2, has added some security measures that were left out of SNMP, to combat the 3 largest problems plaguing SNMP: Privacy of Data (to prevent intruders from gaining access to information carried along the network), authentication (to prevent intruders from sending false data across the network), and access control (which restricts access of particular variables to certain users, thus removing the possibility of a user accidentally crashing the network). (Stallings, 213) The largest problem with SNMP, ironically enough, is the same thing that made it great; it†s simple design. Because it is so simple, the information it deals with is either detailed, nor well organized enough to deal with the growing networks of the This is mainly due to the quick creation of SNMP, because it was never designed to be the network management protocol of the 1990†³s. Like the previous flaw, this one too has been corrected with the new version, SNMPv2. This new version allows for more in-detail specification of variables, including the use of the table data structure for easier data retrieval. Also added are two new PDU†s that are used to manipulate the tabled objects. In fact, so many new features have been added that the formal pecifications for SNMP have expanded from 36 pages (with v1) to 416 pages with SNMPv2. (Stallings, 153) Some people might say that SNMPv2 has lost the simplicity, but the truth is that the changes were necessary, and could not have been avoided. A management station relies on the agent at a device to retrieve or update the information at the device. The information is viewed as a logical database, called a Management Information Base, or MIB. MIB modules describe MIB variables for a large variety of device types, computer hardware, and software components. The original MIB for Managing a TCP/IP internet (now called MIB-I) was defined in RFC 066 in August of 1988. It was updated in RFC 1156 in May of 1990. The MIB-II version published in RFC 1213 in May of 1991, contained some improvements, and has proved that it can do a good job of meeting basic TCP/IP management needs. MIB-II added many useful variables missing from MIB-I (Feit, 85). MIB files are common variables used not only by SNMP, but CMIP as well. In the late 1980†³s a project began, funded by governments, and large corporations. Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) was born. Many thought that because of it†s nearly infinite development budget, that it would quickly become in idespread use, and overthrow SNMP from it†s throne. Unfortunately, problems with its implementation have delayed its use, and it is now only available in limited form from developers themselves. (SNMP, Part 2 of 2, III. 40. ) CMIP was designed to be better than SNMP in every way by repairing all flaws, and expanding on what was good about it, making it a bigger and more detailed network manager. It†s design is similar to SNMP, where PDU†s are used as variables to monitor the network. CMIP however contains 11 types of PDU†s (compared to SNMP†s 5). In CMIP, the variables are seen as very complex and sophisticated data tructures with three attributes. These include: 1) Variable attributes: which represent the variables characteristics (its data 2) variable behaviors: what actions of that variable can be triggered. 3) Notifications: the variable generates an event report whenever a specified event occurs (eg. A terminal shutdown would cause a variable notification As a comparison, SNMP only employs variable properties from one and three above. The biggest feature of the CMIP protocol is that its variables not only relay information to and from the terminal (as in SNMP) , but they can also be used to perform tasks that would be impossible under SNMP. For instance, if a terminal on a network cannot reach the fileserver a pre-determined amount of times, then CMIP can notify appropriate personnel of the event. With SNMP however, a user would have to specifically tell it to keep track of unsuccessful attempts to reach the server, and then what to do when that variable reaches a limit. CMIP therefore results in a more efficient management system, and less work is required from the user to keep updated on the status of the network. CMIP also contains the security measures left out by SNMP. Because of the large development budget, when it becomes available, CMIP ill be widely used by the government, and the corporations that funded it. After reading the above paragraph, you might wonder why, if CMIP is this wonderful, is it not being used already? (after all, it had been in development for nearly 10 years) The answer is that possibly CMIP†s only major disadvantage, is enough in my opinion to render it useless. CMIP requires about ten times the system resources that are needed for SNMP. In other words, very few systems in the world would able to handle a full implementation on CMIP without undergoing massive network modifications. This disadvantage has no inexpensive fix to it. For that reason, many believe CMIP is doomed to fail. The other flaw in CMIP is that it is very difficult to program. Its complex nature requires so many different variables that only a few skilled programmers are able to use it to it†s full potential. Considering the above information, one can see that both management systems have their advantages and disadvantages. However the deciding factor between the two, lies with their implementation, for now, it is almost impossible to find a system with the necessary resources to support the CMIP model, even though it is superior to SNMP (v1 and v2) in both design and operation. Many people believe that the growing power of modern systems will soon fit well with CMIP model, and might result in it†s widespread use, but I believe by the time that day comes, SNMP could very well have adapted itself to become what CMIP currently offers, and more. As we†ve seen with other products, once a technology achieves critical mass, and a substantial installed base, it†s quite difficult to convince users to rip it out and start fresh with an new and unproven technology (Borsook, 48). It is then recommend that SNMP be used in a situation where minimial security is needed, and SNMPv2 be used Borsook, Paulina.

Changes in the Foreign Service essays

Changes in the Foreign Service essays Since February 8, President Clinton has appointed nine foreign ambassadors. The countries included in these appointments are Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, Australia, Bangladesh, Poland, Kyrgz Republic, Mongolia, and Laos. These individuals have degrees from Yale, Harvard, the University of Alaska, Emory, George Washington University and several others (U.S. Newswire). In some cases, these individuals can speak as many as five different languages. There seems to be a very real public perception that ambassador's role in other countries is more ceremonial than a reflection of America's foreign objectives. The perception is that this group of individuals and their appointments are a remnant of the Jacksonian spoils system. On February 10, Clinton made a statement on embassy security initiatives and increasing their funding. Not only a simple increase, but a doubling of the federal funding of embassies abroad. More than $1.1 billion will be included in the 2001 budget to reduce further loss of life from terrorist attacks on our overseas diplomatic missions. Over $200 million will go into actual security measures (perimeter barriers, alarms, etc.) to defend these individuals from those individuals who desire no intervention from the United States. One might ask if all these measures are necessary to view ourselves as a humanitarian superpower. If terrorists attack an American embassy, there is a greater message to be heard. Foreign policy and the ambassador system represent an agreement between the host country and the United States. The host is just as responsible for insuring the security of our diplomats as we are, but if there is no cooperation then there is no diplomacy. Terrorist acts upo n United States embassies could be viewed as a growing animosity towards our interventionist style and now there are nine new targets. In the Rosati text, there is an essay on the "tradition of 'political ...

How to Send SAT Subject Test Scores 7-Step Guide

How to Send SAT Subject Test Scores 7-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While you are studying diligently for all of your SAT Subject tests, you probably aren’t thinking too hard about how and when you are going to send out all those scores to your dream schools. I get it- taking the test is the hard part, and you want to focus your energy on that. To help you out, I’ll lay out everything you need to consider in terms of score-sending logistics and strategy: how to send SAT Subject test scores (with or without Score Choice), sending the four free reports you get with registration, special ordering circumstances, and how to cancel scores. It’s all in here! How to SendSAT Subject Test Scores, Step by Step I've createda step-by-step guide to sending SAT Subject test scores. I'll walk you through the complete process here, assuming you've already taken the tests. Then below I'llexplain how the process differs if you're trying to send your four free reports. Step 1:Log in to Your College Board Account Once you're logged into your account, scroll down to where your scores are displayed. To send scores, click the â€Å"Send Available Scores Now† button. Step 2: Confirm That You Want to Send Scores You will be greeted by this pop-up: Confirm that you want to send the additional reports, and you will be taken to the school choice page. Step 3: Select YourRecipients You can search by school name, city, or code. To add a school, click on it in the â€Å"All Available Recipients† search results list, then click â€Å"Add.† Then click â€Å"Continue† to finalize your selection. Step 4: Confirm Your Schools This will take you to the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† screen. From here, you can request additional free reports with a fee waiver, add more schools to your list of recipients, or use Score Choice to select the scores you want to send (or not send) in your score reports. To add more schools,click â€Å"Add Score Recipients† from the "Build your Score Recipients" screen. Step 5: Use a Fee Waiver If you have a fee waiver, click â€Å"I have a Fee Waiver† (in parentheses next to the number of free reports remaining, which might be 0). When you enter your waiver code, this will give you four additional free reports that you can sendat any time. Step 6: Score Choice To use Score Choice, click the â€Å"Choose Scores† button in the row with the desired recipient from the"Build your Score Recipients" screen. This will take you to the Score Choice page. You will have to agree to a disclaimer that Score Choice is allowed at the given school. Then, you will be able to uncheck any scores you do not want to include with your free score report. You have to include complete SAT I scores- you can’t pick and choose between sections. But you can select subject tests individually. As you can see, I’m an ancient crone who took SAT subject tests in 2008, and who did not study particularly hard for the French exam (sorry, Monsieur K!!) When your desired options are selected, hit â€Å"continue.† This will take you back to the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† page, where you can change score selections for other schools if you wish. Step 7: Review Your Order When everything on the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† page looks good, hit â€Å"continue† to proceed with the score-sending process.This will take you to the â€Å"Review Order,† page. Beyond thefour free reports that you get when you register for the exam, score reports costs $.25 per recipient. So four schools = four reports = $.25 x 4 = $45. Check the box to agree to the terms and conditions, and place your order! Then you will be able to return to the Main â€Å"My SAT† page. That's how you do it! Next, we'll touch on what's different when you send the four free reports you get with your registration. Free SAT Subject Test Score Reports The College Board kindly allows you to send four free score reports to schools with every test date, including SAT subject tests. There’s a catch, though- you have to send the scores sight unseen. This means you won’t see your scores for those subject tests before schools do. The College Board says that they do this to expedite the score-sending process. If you still have any of your four free score reports available to you, you will see this handy message on the main screen when you log in: To proceed from here, click â€Å"Send Scores When Available.† If you have past SAT test dates (Regular SAT or Subject Tests) you will see this handy pop-up: That’s right! You can send past scores with your free score reports. Even better, you can use Score Choice! So you can pick and choose which old scores to send to schools with your new ones. This is great if you already took the SAT and met your target score. It’s important to note that when you use your four free reports, you have to send all the scores from that date. This means that if you take multiple subject tests on the same day- and you probably will- you have to send all of those scores to your four free colleges. So you can’t send Literature to UCLA and Math 2 to University of Michigan; you have to send both to both. It is generally worthwhile to use your free reports if you can, because sending additional reports costs money. It might stress you out a little that you have to commit to sending your scores from that test date before you see them, but you can change or cancel what schools receive for your free reports up to nine days after you take the test. So if you feel confident that your scores will meet your targets, this is a reasonably safe bet.If you come out of the test feeling like it may not have gone well, you can always cancelsending those scores to your reach school. It’s worth noting that for any school that does not allow Score Choice, you might as well send them your free report, because you will have to send all scores when you apply anyway. These schools understand that everyone has less than stellar test dates, so don’t ruminate on it too much if you think you didn’t do your best on one of your subject tests from a given date. What about timing? If you’re taking subject tests as a junior, it’s not too early to send your scores if you would like to. Colleges will take it as a sign of interest to receive scores from you, and you can certainly re-take the subject tests if you need to. If you don’t re-take the tests, you might save a little money on the expensive application process if some of your schools already have your scores. Reach for the stars! Special Circumstances: Archived Scores and Rush Reporting There are couple circumstances in which you might have to pay some extra money to the College Board, our benevolent standardized testing dictators, to send SAT Subject test scores. You will have to pay extra if your scores have been â€Å"archived.† Scores are archived if you have graduated high school and your scores are a year or more older. In this case the College Board will charge you a fee of $31 to retrieve them, and then $.25 for each additional recipient. So if you want to send old scores to two schools, that’s $31 + $.25 = $42.25. If your scores are five years old or older, they will also send a note to the recipient saying that the scores may not be the best representation of your abilities. So sadly if I wanted to send my 2008 subject test scores I would have to pay an extra fee and have a special note sent with my scores. You will also have to pay extra if you want to rush-report your scores to recipients. You might do this if you are about to miss a deadline and you need to get scores out ASAP. Rush-reporting is supposed to get the scores to recipients within two business days of your request, which may or may not be faster than just sending them normally. The primary issue here is that some colleges only download newly received scores once every few days or once a week, so rushing the score may not actually lead to the college seeing your score any sooner.However, if you are down to the wire and at the height of desperation, you might want to rush them. Note that you can only do this for scores that have already been released, so, your unscored tests won’t get to recipients any faster if you rush. It costs $31 to rush one report, and then $.25 for each additional report (so if you rush three reports to three different schools, it will cost $31 + $.25 + $.25 to send all three reports). Finally, there are times when rush reporting is not available. (Right now, in fact!) So don’t order rush reports if the College Board says they aren’t available on their website, because they will just take your money and not deliver the scores in two days. Truly outstanding and helpful customer service, that. Next we'll talk about how to cancel your scores if you feel truly alarmed by your test performance. Canceling SAT Subject Test Scores Let’s say you panic in the middle of the exam and don’t finish the test on time, or another mishap occurs- it happens to most of us at some point or another. You know you didn’t do well on the test and you don’t even want to see your own scores, let alone let schools see them! You have two options: #1: Cancel Your Scores You can cancel your scores anytime up to :59 PM ET the Wednesday after you took your test(s). Note that unless you are canceling due to sudden illness or an equipment failure, this will cancel all of the tests you took that day- every subject! Importantly, it cannot be undone. When your scores are cancelled, they are gone forever! No school (or you) will ever see them, no matter if you had selected schools for your free score reports or not. #2: Cancel Your Score Reports You have up to nine days after you take the test(s) to cancel any free score reports you have on-order. You may want to do this if you think only one test went poorly. This way, you can still use the other subjects in Score Choice score reports later. Unfortunately, a tiny octopus does not wave farewell to your scores when they canceled. How To Cancel Your Scores If you decide to cancel at the test center, ask a test proctor for a â€Å"Request to Cancel† form. Fill it out and return to the proctor before you leave the testing center. If you decide to cancel after leaving the test center, download and fill out the form to request SAT score cancellation. You need to sign it, so you will need to get it to the College Board via fax or overnight mail. You can get more details on this process on the College Board page on score cancellation. You can cancel your scores for individual tests due to equipment failure (your CD player stops working, or your calculator dies) or for a sudden illness during the exam. In this case, only the score for that test is canceled; you can still get your scores for the other tests you took that day. To do this, you will need to report the equipment failure or illness during the exam. Then you will need to fill out a Request to Cancel form at the testing center, check the â€Å"Single Test: equipment failure† option (yes, even if you’re sick) and give it to a testing supervisor. They will sign it to validate that your equipment (or your body) failed you and your score for just that test will be canceled. But hopefully none of that will happen, everything will go smoothly, and you will send out all your score reports with confidence! Summary: SAT Subject Test Scores You will get four free score reports for every SAT subject test date you sign up for. You won’t see the scores before they get sent to school. Otherwise, additional score reports cost $.25 per report. You can use Score Choice on SAT subject tests, just like with the regular SAT.You can also rush-report or cancel scores if you need to, but both of those options should be carefully considered! What Now? You might also be wondering what a good SAT score is, anyways. Let us fill you in with this guide to what makes a good SAT Subject Test score. Aiming for top schools? Check out our article on SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League. Or maybe you just want to know what the average score for each SAT Subject Test is. If you're taking the regular SAT anytime soon, you should definitely check out our complete guide to the new SAT. This will bring you up to speed on all the ins and outs of the new format, which was rolled out in March! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Female Designers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Female Designers - Essay Example In the light of this information, there is a final reflection on my own views on being female and how this affects art production in general, and my own work and career in particular. In Western Culture most classical art has come down to us without any secure artist names attached to it, and so we cannot be sure if, for example Greek statues or Roman mosaics were designed and constructed by women. The likelihood is, however, that the vast majority of artistic items were made by men, because we know that men received a much superior education in literature, art and music, while women were trained for domestic labor and useful craft activities like weaving and needlework . Our mythologies reflect a hierarchy in which the male is the artist and the female is the muse, for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion where the woman is perceived as a â€Å"blank page† upon which the powerful male writes his desires (Gubar, 1981, 243-246). In the Middle Ages and Renaissance the high pre stige art continued to be done by men, with a few notable exceptions, and the issue here is still that of access to training and materials which is reserved for sons and not daughters. Scholars have noted that by the nineteenth century the forces of â€Å"capitalism, patriarchy and racism† (Cherry, 1993, 11) conspired to make it difficult, but not impossible, for women to become competent professional artists. Because women artists are so few, it is tempting to analyse them as a single category and look for common features that define â€Å"female art† but in fact this does female artists a disservice. If we look with an open mind we will see that they are heterogeneous, innovative and they have engaged in many diverse types of art with different motivations, just like men. Gubar cites Frida Kahlo, â€Å"who presents herself as bound by red cords †¦ is a painter whose tragic physical problems contributed to her feeling wounded, pierced and bleeding† (while Cherry notes the affinity of late nineteenth century female artists in London with the suffragette movement. (Cherry, 1993, 95) For many women artists, their work has provided an avenue to express an alternative reality to the restrictive roles that men have seen fit to allow them. It has been a transformative force in their lives and it is in this light that I consider the Iraqi/British architect and designer Zaha Hadid. Zaha Hadid was born in 1950 to a fairly wealthy Muslim family in Iraq. Her academic career started with studies in Mathematics in Beirut and moved to London where she qualified as an architect. (Encyclopedia of World Biography website, no date). Her work is inspired by a variety of very different sources including ancient Sumerian buildings, Frank Lloyd Wright in American, and an interest in mathematical concepts, as can be seen for example in her her first major work, which was a fire station in Germany with many irregular angles, a feature that she has used in ot her buildings too. It seems that Hadid has chosen to put aside the expectations of tradition, not just in terms of the expectation that a Muslim woman should not aspire to be a successful architect, but also in terms of the parameters for using angles and spaces. Her later, even more famous design of the Cardiff Bay Opera House was rejected and stalled several times before it was finally built.

The Art of Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Art of Photography - Essay Example One of best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is a painting of an unidentified woman. Some of the earliest portraits of people who were not kings or emperors, are the funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypt's Fayum district. These are the only paintings of the Roman period that have survived, aside from frescos. An often neglected form of art in photography is that of portrait photography. A portrait is the basic rendering of someone's likeness. A good portrait photographer not only wants to capture the true likeness, but also the personality of the individual. The photographer needs to be proficient not only in the workings and setting of the camera, but also needs to understand form and lighting. Great lighting and positioning can make someone appear at their best form if used correctly. Lighting and camera placement can also aid in correcting defects such as shortening a nose, making someone appear slimmer, etc. In this form of art, portrait photography takes on many roles, and can help create various moods that the individual is seeking (Clarke 12). Portrait photography is a popular commercial industry a... Studios sprang up in cities around the world, some cranking out more than 500 plates a day. The style of these early works reflected the technical challenges associated with 30-second exposure times and the painterly aesthetic of the time. Subjects were generally seated against plain backgrounds and lit with the soft light of an overhead window and whatever else could be reflected with mirrors (Freeman 32-33). Change in photography - the optimist would call it progress - has a number of drivers. Changes in technology, changes in the marketplace and the need for a creative individual to do new things are among the more important. Of course these interact strongly, particularly in the case of the last two, as even the most creative among us need to eat. So when we consider how photographic portraiture has developed through any period of time, one vital consideration is the changes in the various market sectors that use it. Of course some market areas are conservative by nature, perhaps most strongly the bread and butter studio portrait for the general public. Even within this constrained genre there have of course been photographers whose work stands out, many who remain unsung, others who by accident of fortune achieve fame, even if posthumously - such as the great body of portraits by Michael Disfarmer - perhaps one day the subject for another feature. Arguably the greatest area of development in portrait photography from the 30's to the 50's was the illustrated magazine, for which many of the finest portrait photographers work. A good example is Bill Brandt, who produced striking photographs of literary, musical and artistic figures in the late 40s and early 50s. Few of